DNA Structure – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
structure of DNA
answer
right-handed/double helix
question
DNA and RNA are made of repeating units called
answer
nucleotides
question
DNA stands for
answer
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
question
the bonds that hold repeating units together in each strand of DNA
answer
phosphodiester bonds
question
information contained in DNA is encoded by the
answer
nitrogenous bases on the inside of the DNA molecule
question
direction DNA is read
answer
5' to 3'
question
letters in genetic code of DNA (nitrogen bases)
answer
A,C,G, and T
question
A
answer
adenine
question
C
answer
cytosine
question
G
answer
guanine
question
T
answer
thymine
question
A pairs with
answer
T pairs with
question
G pairs with
answer
C pairs with
question
make up nucleotides
answer
deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), phosphate group, nitrogen base
question
RNA
answer
ribonucleic acid
question
nitrogen bases in RNA
answer
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil
question
supercoiling
answer
DNA is twisted beyond double helix
question
semi-conservative
answer
right hypothesis to how DNA replicates by Watson and Crick. Proved by Menselson and Stahl.
question
DNA ligase
answer
seals together small DNA pieces
question
DNA polymerase
answer
builds new strands of DNA
question
DNA helicase
answer
untwists and unwinds DNA
question
3 hypotheses to DNA replication
answer
conservative, semi-conservative, disperitive
question
3 steps of DNA replication
answer
initiation, elongation, termination
question
DNA replication result
answer
two DNA molecules identical to the original molecule
question
initiation
answer
helicase unwinds and untwists the double helix so replication can begin
question
elongation
answer
new nucleotides are added in one continuous strand by DNA polymerase on the leading strand and in small pieces on the lagging strand
question
termination
answer
RNA primers are removed and the gaps are filled in by DNA ligase on the lagging strand
question
Photo 51
answer
image produced by Rosalind Franklin of DNA structure. delivered by Wilkins and interpreted by Watson and Crick as X = helix and the scatter = double helix
question
X-ray crystallography
answer
crystallise protein, blast it with an x-ray which will get diffracted. Image is from the scatter.
question
genome
answer
complete set of human genes, in 23 pairs of chromosomes
question
chromosome
answer
one pair of very long DNA molecules
question
enzymes
answer
proteins that catalyse the body's chemical reactions
question
mutation
answer
mistakes in gene replication
question
junk DNA
answer
majority of DNA is a jumble that doesn't spell out genes
question
transcription
answer
process of making mRNA from DNA
question
polypeptide
answer
long chain of amino acids that can be folded into functional protein
question
RNA processing/splicing
answer
cell has transcribed all the DNA into the mRNA, producing pre-mRNA. Now, introns are removed, and extrons are kept and spliced together
question
5'
answer
short RNA sequences added to the ends of the RNA to protect it and guide it to the right location
question
DNA replication
answer
process of producing mRNA from DNA template
question
RNA polymerase
answer
enzyme that adds nucleotides to the newly formed RNA molecule during transcription
question
translation
answer
making a polypeptide from a mRNA sequence
question
codon
answer
group of three letters, codes for a certain amino acid.
question
stop codon
answer
instead of an amino acid, codes for a water molecule instead and stops the chain
question
ribosomes
answer
composed of rRNA (ribosomal). Read coding and put amino acids together to form polypeptide.
