question

The shift in demographics in our country can be attributed to

answer

A. the high immigration rates from non-European countries. B. high birthrates among nonwhite populations in the United States. C. the relative decrease in the numbers of young people compared to adults. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Social institutions in a society provide

answer

internalized rules, or norms, of behavior.

question

All of the following changes have occurred in American family structure, except

answer

the divorce rate is significantly lower than it was 10 years ago. A. new family forms are becoming common. C. more families are in poverty. D. there is more intermarriage between ethnic, racial, and religious groups.

question

Which of the following is true in terms of changes in religious life in America?

answer

Both "new age" and fundamentalist religious groups are thriving.

question

Most limited English proficient students in the United States speak

answer

Spanish.

question

Typically, a student in teacher education

answer

A. monolingual. B. a white female. C. low-middle to middle class. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

Attention to the role of gender in education arose when

answer

research demonstrated that the experiences of girls in school are different from those of boys.

question

The phrase "clash of cultures" between students and teachers refers to

answer

the fact that a majority of teachers are European American, while students reflect a far greater cultural diversity.

question

Debates regarding the increasing use of electronic voting machines include

answer

A. vulnerability to tampering with the machines before the vote. B. lack of a paper trail of votes cast. C. machine malfunction. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

According to Thomas Friedman, one result of "Globalization 3.0" is

answer

the individual is empowered to go global.

question

All of the following international agreements are responses to increasing international trade, except

answer

the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT). A. the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). B. the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Treaty. D. the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR).

question

According to the text, all of the following are messages which influence the Millennial Generation, except

answer

Serve your community. B. Marriage and family are important. C. Connect 24/7. D. Leave no one behind.

question

Social needs given by the text include

answer

A. education. B. the family. C. religion. D. economics. *E. All of these answers are correct.*

question

The process of educational reform to insure educational equality and success for all is

answer

multicultural education.

question

Which of the following is not necessarily a new role for teachers in a changing society?

answer

to see that all children learn

question

It is projected that by the year 2040, children of color will comprise more than half of the children in classrooms. This figure is up from approximately one-third at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

answer

TRUE

question

In 1942, 60 percent of families could be described as nuclear families, consisting of two parents and their children, supported only by the father working.

answer

TRUE

question

Today, 50 percent of families could be described as nuclear families, consisting of two parents and their children, supported only by the father working.

answer

FALSE

question

Fundamentalist denominations are the fastest-growing religious organizations in the United States.

answer

TRUE

question

Female teachers outnumber male teachers by three-to-one in grades 7-12.

answer

FALSE

question

In the 2008 election, the number and percentage of votes ages 18 to 29 were up.

answer

TRUE

question

Norms can be defined as cultural teachings passed down by laws.

answer

FALSE

question

The total population of children in relation to adults in the United States is changing as the public grows older.

answer

TRUE

question

Today's workers usually work for the same company for 30 years or more.

answer

FALSE

question

An education that is truly multicultural is one that improves students' understanding of the concept of pluralism.

answer

TRUE

question

The common schools were based on the idea of providing a common experience to all students regardless of

answer

A. cultural differences. B. social class (economic) differences. C. religious differences. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

As the Industrial Revolution gained momentum, the common schools experienced more struggles when dealing with

answer

religious differences.

question

Race became an important difference in public schooling

answer

after the Civil War.

question

The governmental agency responsible for setting up schools for newly freed black children was

answer

the Freedmen's Bureau.

question

In the 1896 Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, the court ruled that

answer

the "separate but equal" doctrine was constitutional.

question

In the 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the court ruled that

answer

the "separate but equal" doctrine was inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.

question

During the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, the chief concern with respect to schooling was

answer

access to and equity in public education.

question

Two approaches to difference in public education, based on two different ideologies, were

answer

assimilationist and pluralist.

question

In the Anglo-Conformity or Assimilationist ideology, schools should be concentrating on

answer

making immigrant children like white, middle-class, Anglo-Saxon Protestants as quickly as possible.

question

An important assumption of the pluralist position is that

answer

one's social groups are essential to one's sense of belonging and psychological support.

question

The first federal funding for bilingual education programs came about as a result of

answer

Bilingual Education Act (1968).

question

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

answer

prohibited discrimination, based on sex, in schools that received federal funding.

question

The legislation that made schools responsible for educating students with disabilities in the "least restrictive environment" is

answer

the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1976).

question

Public responses to multicultural education programs and practices have generally been

answer

mixed.

question

The approach to multicultural education that Sleeter and Grant believe is the most effective and will make the most difference is

answer

education that is multicultural and social reconstructionist.

question

In the colonial period, the English became a dominant force because they were considered slightly more tolerant toward differences and more interested in trade and commerce.

answer

TRUE

question

In the beginning of the common school, the first type of difference to become a stimulus for school reform was race.

answer

FALSE

question

The Freedman's Bureau established schools for the children of homesteaders moving west.

answer

FALSE

question

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" was, in fact, constitutional.

answer

TRUE

question

During the reform movements of the 1960s, the chief concerns with respect to public schooling were tax funding and academics.

answer

FALSE

question

Assimilationist ideology supports the idea that the schools should serve to homogenize newcomers at the best possible speed.

answer

TRUE

question

Pluralists believe that the social groups that one identifies with are of little value in creating a cultural identity.

answer

FALSE

question

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court found that "separate schooling" is inherently unequal, and therefore, unconstitutional.

answer

TRUE

question

The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 mandated the establishment of programs for native English speakers.

answer

FALSE

question

While Catholic schools emphasized religion, common schools were oriented toward secularism.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following are examples of subcultures?

answer

corporate and drug cultures

question

The family and the school are examples of

answer

microcultures.

question

Members of an ethnic group share

answer

a sense of peoplehood and shared identity as well as a common history and heritage.

question

The term minority group refers to

answer

A. a group that experiences discrimination and separation from the larger society. B. a group that may occupy a subordinate position in society. C. a group that has minority status, yet may have a majority population. *D. All of the answers are correct*

question

The term people of color is the preferred term in use today because

answer

it refers to nonwhite groups within the United States, which may in some communities, be the majority.

question

How do subjective elements of culture differ from elements of objective culture?

answer

Subjective elements refer to the less tangible aspects of people's culture, such as their thoughts, attitudes, and values.

question

How do culture-general concepts differ from culture-specific concepts?

answer

Culture-general concepts are ones that can be applied to all cultural groups.

question

In a pluralistic society such as the United States, individuals tend to identify with

answer

more than one group.

question

The importance of socialization agents is that they

answer

serve to mediate culture knowledge in particular ways.

question

Socialization refers to

answer

the process by which children learn to be a member of their group(s).

question

Ethnocentrism refers to

answer

the tendency people have to judge others according to their own criteria.

question

Categorization is

answer

the process by which people sort and group stimuli to simplify their world.

question

Stereotypes refer to

answer

categories of people which often serve to blur the differences within a group.

question

Although the socialization process is powerful, it does have limits. Which of the following exemplify one of those limits?

answer

Human beings are not passive recipients of their socialization.

question

The argument that most Americans are in some measure multicultural arises from the fact that

answer

most Americans are socialized by various cultural influences and groups.

question

According to Coon, culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought characteristics of a community or a population.

answer

TRUE

question

A microculture is characterized by its separation from the larger society by disapproval and/or discrimination.

answer

FALSE

question

The term people of color is preferred by some nonwhites because it does not carry the sense of alienation that is associated with some other terms, such as minority group.

answer

TRUE

question

Cross-cultural psychologists stress information about a particular group of people, usually identified by a single characteristic, such as race or religion.

answer

FALSE

question

The culture-general approach to understanding groups of people is an inclusive approach that attempts to deal directly with the complex nature of cultural phenomena.

answer

TRUE

question

Race is a source of cultural identity that is culturally defined but is a concept that has been found to have no scientific basis.

answer

TRUE

question

Socializing agents play a minimal role in the ways in which individuals acquire a cultural identity.

answer

FALSE

question

Resistance to learning the language of a country where one is visiting is an example of ethnocentrism.

answer

TRUE

question

A stereotype refers to any sort of summary generalization (or prototypic image) that emphasizes differences within a group.

answer

FALSE

question

Looking for commonalities among differences is one way in which teachers can build a positive, sophisticated attitude toward diversity.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following statements is not true about students of the United States?

answer

Students represent a homogeneous cultural group much like their teachers.

question

Compared to the culture of students, teachers are

answer

more homogeneous.

question

In general, the culture of the school tends to be

answer

overwhelmingly middle class in values.

question

When teachers are acting as cultural mediators, they

answer

are knowledgeable about the role of culture in teaching and learning.

question

Acculturation refers to the changes that take place as a result of

answer

continuous firsthand contact between individuals of different cultures.

question

Which one of the following groups was not included by John Berry and his colleagues when considering degree of mobility and choice of acculturating groups?

answer

homeowners A. sojourners C. immigrants D. indigenous people

question

Some researchers suggest that developing an in-depth understanding of other cultures may

answer

take as long as two years.

question

Immigrants and sojourners have a high degree of

answer

mobility.

question

The following are culture-general themes that reflect people's emotional responses:

answer

belonging, disconfirmed expectations, and ambiguity.

question

Communication and language use are examples of aspects of

answer

the cultural basis of behavior.

question

The degree to which one has prestige and power in one's social group is referred to as

answer

social status.

question

Which of the following is not an area in which adjustments may be made as one reshapes one's cultural identity?

answer

A. categorization B. differentiation C. attribution *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

The major goal of the culture-general model is to

answer

assist individuals in identifying commonalities in other people.

question

Another goal of the culture-general model is to

answer

assist individuals in identifying "invisible" differences that may make a difference.

question

A significant strength found in the existence of differences in a classroom is that

answer

it ignites curiosity.

question

The Spanish Club is an example of a microculture within a school that is based on academics.

answer

TRUE

question

Since the early nineteenth century, teachers in the United States have been mostly female and white.

answer

TRUE

question

It has been found that most individuals can quickly (over the course of a one-or two-week vacation) develop an in-depth understanding and comfort with people from other cultures as long as there is a desire to reach an understanding.

answer

FALSE

question

According to the U-curve hypothesis, entering the phase called home occurs when one can function effectively and comfortably in the new culture.

answer

TRUE

question

Immigrants represent individuals who have a high degree of mobility and choice, choosing to live permanently in one place.

answer

TRUE

question

Indigenous people are those with a low degree of mobility and a high degree of voluntary contact with others.

answer

FALSE

question

Assimilation occurs when a group wishes to maintain high contact with a new culture group and does not care about maintaining its own cultural identity.

answer

TRUE

question

Deeply held values are always similar, even when they are held by very different groups.

answer

FALSE

question

An individual's preferred method of learning is called a learning or cognitive style.

answer

TRUE

question

The goal of the culture-general model is to help individuals understand intercultural interactions so that useful contact can be avoided.

answer

FALSE

question

Developmental models provide a

answer

hierarchical scheme whereby an individual progresses from one level to the next.

question

Developmental models have recently begun to emerge with respect to

answer

ethnic and racial identity.

question

One who is totally involved in an ethnic culture, active in organizations and in discussions, and is highly ethnocentric can be said to be in which one of Cross/Spring's model of ethnic and racial identity?

answer

immersion

question

Individuals who have a strong sense of their own ethnicity, as well as a healthy understanding and respect for others can be said to be in Banks' category of development called

answer

biethnicity

question

In the Cross-Spring model of ethnic and racial identity, the pre-encounter stage is one in which

answer

one internalizes negative stereotypes from the mainstream society.

question

The ability to adapt to and value cultural differences is a characteristic of a

answer

person who is interculturally competent.

question

In general, an increase in cultural awareness is accompanied by a/an

answer

increase in cognitive sophistication.

question

Models of intercultural competence

answer

focus on managing effectively across cultures.

question

Early studies of intercultural competence suggest that effectively working across cultures means that

answer

A. one can manage psychological stress. B. one is able to communicate effectively. C. one can develop new and essential interpersonal relationships. *D. All of the answers are correct.*

question

All of the following are examples of interculturally competent skills, except

answer

the ability to be intolerant of those who are different from oneself. A. the ability to be nonjudgmental. B. the ability to interpret behavior from more than one perspective. D. the ability to mediate conflicts.

question

Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) provides a continuum from

answer

ethnocentric to ethnorelative development.

question

According to Bennett, the inability or unwillingness to see cultural differences is called

answer

denial.

question

When one can accept superficial cultural differences but still assert that people are more alike than they are different, one is in the

answer

minimization stage of the DMIS.

question

When one can see cultural categories as flexible and becomes more competent in one's ability to communicate with those who are different from oneself, it can be said that one is in the stage of

answer

acceptance.

question

During the adaptation stage of the DMIS, the individual is able to

answer

shift frames of reference.

question

Developmental models of ethnic and racial identity have only begun to emerge in the study of culture.

answer

TRUE

question

In Cross-Spring's model of racial identity, internalization of mainstream negative stereotypes occurs at the pre-encounter stage.

answer

TRUE

question

When one is biethnic, one has little sense of one's own cultural identity and no understanding and respect for other culture groups

answer

FALSE

question

The Banks model and the Cross-Spring model are very much alike.

answer

FALSE

question

In the Banks model, multiethnicity is a stage in which one has a healthy understanding of many groups and is well at home in a multi-cultural society.

answer

TRUE

question

Interculturally competent people have a hard time communicating effectively across cultures.

answer

FALSE

question

The "defense" stage is characterized by recognition of cultural differences and negative evaluations of those who are different.

answer

TRUE

question

Although there are a number of skills associated with intercultural competence, the ability to mediate conflicts is not one of them.

answer

FALSE

question

According to Bennett, the author of the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), an increase in cultural awareness is accompanied by an improved cognitive sophistication.

answer

TRUE

question

Denigration is a kind of defense that may occur in the denial stage of the DMIS.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following would not be considered an ethnorelative stage on Bennett's DMIS?

answer

denial

question

According to Bennett, intercultural sensitivity is a natural human phenomenon.

answer

False

question

Integration is the final stage of the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity.

answer

True

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