Diseases Of The Respiratory System Test Questions – Flashcards
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| What is Rhinitis? |
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| The common cold. |
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| What is the causative agent of Rhinitis? |
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| Rhinovirus. Over 100 types Cause 30-50% of common colds. |
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| Is there a fever with Rhinitis? |
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| Not typically |
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| What is the best preventation measure of Rhinitis? |
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| Frequent hand-washing and avoiding people with colds. |
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| What do treatments of Rhinitis effect? |
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| The symptoms not the virus. |
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| What are the causative agents of Otitis Media and Sinusitis? |
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| Haemophilus aegyptius, " influenzae, strep pneumo, strep pyrogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae and s. aureus |
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| What is Otitis Media and Sinusitis? |
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| Bacterial infections of the middle ear and sinuses |
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| What are the symptoms of otitis media? |
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| Earache, fever, vomiting, may lead to ruptured ear drum |
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| What are the symptoms of sinusitis? |
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| Headache, malaise, pain and pressure in sinus region with drainage that may be yellow or greenish. |
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| What are viral causes of Otitis Media and Sinusitis? |
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| Adenoviruses and Rhinoviruses |
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| What is the causative agent of Streptococcal Pharyngitis? |
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| Streptococcus Pyrogenes. |
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| What is a characterstic symptom of S. Pharyngitis? |
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| Pus filled nodules on the tonsils. |
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| What can result if Strep Pharyngitis goes untreated? |
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| Scarlet fever or rheumatic fever |
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| What is the causative agent of Adenoviral Pharyngitis? |
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| Adenovirus |
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| How is A. Pharyngitis contracted? |
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| inhalation of infected droplets. |
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| What is the causative agent of Diphtheria? |
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| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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| How does C. diphtheria infect? |
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| Produces exotoxin that is absorbed into the blood stream causing damage to the heart, nerves and kidneys |
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| What are the characteristic symptoms of diphtheria? |
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| Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes, and swelling of the neck. Can also form pseudomembrane which is a grayish film that forms over the pharynx and airways resulting in asphyxiation. |
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| How is diphtheria transmitted? |
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| Direct contact with patient, carrier, or indirect contact via fomites or inhaled infectious droplets. |
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| What is the causative agent of Pertussis? |
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| Bortadella Pertusis |
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| How does Pertussis infect? |
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| Bordetella produces a Pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin which helps bacteria to destroy the respiratory epithelium resulting in a build up of mucus. |
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| What is the first stage of infection in Pertussis? |
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| Catarrhal Stage. Marked by nasal drainage, congestion, sneezing, occasional coughing. Lasts 1-2 weeks. |
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| What is the second stage of infection in Pertussis? |
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| Paraoxysmal stage. Characterized by 10-20 abrupt, hacking coughs followed by deep inspiration which gives off a whoop sounds that can occur 15x a day. Lasts 1-6 weeks. |
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| What is the third stage of infection in Pertussis? |
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| Convalescence stage. Coughing fits decrease in length and frequency that can last for weeks to months. Can cause a secondary pneumonia |
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| What is the causative agent of Respiratory Synctial Virus? |
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| Respiratory Syncytial Virus. |
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| How does RSV infect? |
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| Enters the respiratory tract and causes cells to fuse together creating a syncytia. The cells will die and slough off causing secondary infections. |
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| What are the symptoms of RSV? |
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| barking cough and dusty skin color. |
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| Is there a vaccine for RSV? |
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| Yes an immunoglobulin vaccine that is approved for use on premies. |
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| Who does RSV effect primarily? |
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| Infants and young children. |
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| What is the causative agent of Influenza? |
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| Type A virus because its ability to undergo antigenic drifts and shifts that allow it to evade the hosts defenses |
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| What is the primary virulence factor Type A influenza? |
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| Hemagglutinin which is a component of the viral envelope which helps it attach to the host cell. |
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| What are deaths associated with the flu primarily caused by? |
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| Not the influenza virus but the secondary infections caused by S. Aureus and S. Pyogenes |
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| Is type B influenza more or less severe? type c? |
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| Both less. A > B > C |
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| How is the flu treated? |
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| Tamiflu not antivirals |
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| What is the causative agent of tuberculosis? |
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| Acid fast + Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. |
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| Who is most resistant to M. Tuberculosis? |
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| Humans |
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| Only ___% of those infected with M. Tuberculosis show symptoms. |
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| 5 |
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| Untreated TB progesses? |
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| Slowly |
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| How is the disease contracted? |
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| Inhalation of droplets |
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| What is the first stage of tuberculosis? |
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| Primary. Asmyptomatic may have slight fever. Macrophages attack bacteria but it continues to multiply within the macrophage (bc of mycolic acid) until it explodes. This causes a Type IV hypersensitivity which attracts lymphocytes and more macrophages to the area which walls off the bacteria and contains it within a tubercle. Bacteria can survive in tubercle for for many years. |
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| Can people recover completely from Primary TB? |
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| Yes, most recover fully. |
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| What is the second stage of TB? |
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| Results when dormant cells become reactivated within the lungs during an immunosupressed state. Bacteria multiply and spread to other parts of the respiratory tract. |
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| What are symptoms of secondary TB? |
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| Violent dry coughing, green/bloody sputum, fever, weight loss, extreme fatigue, night sweats, chest pain. |
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| What is disseminated TB? |
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| Infected macrophages carry the bacterium to various body parts where they are released. Most often urinary, reproductive, nervous, skeletal systems. Formation of tubercles in the infected structures. |
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| What causes Pneumococcal Pneumonia? |
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| Strep pneumo |
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| What is the primary virulence factor of strep pneumo? |
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| Capsule. Some strains produce their own antibodies |
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| What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia? |
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| Painful breathing, fluid collection in air sacs, sputum with blood and pus. |
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| What are complications of pnuemococcal pneumonia? |
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| Pleurisy, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis |
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| What is the causative agent of Klebsiella Pneumonia? |
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| Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Enterobacterium. |
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| What is the primary cause of nosocomial infections? |
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| Klebsiella Pneumoniae. |
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| What are the symptoms of Klebsiella Pneumonia? |
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| Chills and red gelatinous sputum |
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| What is the causative agent of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia? |
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| Mycoplasma Pneumoniae. |
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| What is the leading cause of pneumonia is college students and is also common among military recruits? |
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| Mycoplasmal Pneumonia |
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| What is M. Pneumonia referred to as? |
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| Walking pneumonia |
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| What is special about Mycoplasma Pneumoniae? |
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| lacking a cell wall |
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| What is the causative agent of Legionaire's Disease? |
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| Legionella Pneumoniae |
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| If left untreated, what can Legionaire's Disease cause? |
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| pneumonia and untimely death |
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| Where is L. Pneumoniae found? |
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| Warm natural waters. |
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| What is L. Pneumoniae's virulence factor? |
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| Resists heating, cooling, and some chlorines |
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| What is the causative agent of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
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| Sin Nombre Viruses |
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| Is there person-to-person transition with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
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| No. Zoonosis. |
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| How is Hantavirus PS transmitted? |
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| Contact with rat/mouse feces. |
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| What are the symptoms of the Hantavirus PS? |
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| INflammation of capillary walls in lungs, and ultimately shock and death within 5-6 days about 40% of the time |
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| What is cocidiodamycosis also known as? |
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| Valley fever |
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| What is the causative agent of Coccidiodamycosis? |
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| Coccidioides immitis. |
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| Where is cocciodioides immitis found? |
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| dust and soil |
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| What is Histoplasmosis known as? |
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| Spelunker's Disease |
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| What is the most common fungal respiratory disease? |
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| Histoplasmosis |
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| What is the causative agent of histoplasmosis? |
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| Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| For Histoplasmosis, spores are more widespread and tend to be found in soils contaminated by bird or bat droppings. T or F? |
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| T |
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| What is the causative agent of Pneumocystis Pneumonia? Where is it found? |
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| Pneumocystis jiroveci. An opportunistic pathogen found in the lungs of most people. |
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| What is the life-threatening form of pneumonia seen primarily in immunocompromised individuals? |
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| Pneumocystis Pneumonia |
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| What are the symptoms of P. Pneumonia? |
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| Shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fever, cough, dusky skin color. |
