Disasters Midterm 7-11 – Flashcards
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This volcanic feature forms by the explosion and collapse of a volcano summit to form a basin at the summit of the volcano?
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caldera
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Capulin's volcano in New Mexico and Sunset Crater in Arizona are both?
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scoria cone
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Brief eruptions of pyroclastic material produces these steep-sided volcanoes often slopes of 30-35 degrees that are seldom more than 500-1000 meters in height?
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scoria cone
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Which igneous rock type is produced at spreading ocean ridges?
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basalt
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A particular type of mudflow or debris flow composed of mixture of pyroclastic material and water which flows rapidly down volcanic slopes with tremendous force is called a?
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lahar
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Extinct volcanoes are ones that have not been active or shown any signs of activity in the form of gas emissions, geothermal activity, earthquakes or ground subsidence and uplift during the past how many years?
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10,000 years
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Hydrovolcanic eruptions are rarely explosive
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false
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This type of volcanic rock is intermediate in composition between basal rhyolite?
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andesite
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Mt. Rainier, Mt. Vesuvius and Mt. Fiji are all examples of what type of volcano?
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stratovolcano
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This style of eruption involves rhyolitic and andesitic magmas and usually begins with very powerful explosive eruptions of incandescent pyroclastic flows capable of sweeping away even the strongest structure
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peleean
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This type of volcanic rock is often buoyant enough to float on seawater?
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pumice
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What kind of volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii?
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shield volcano
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This region of the Pacific Northwest was formed by voluminous fissure eruptions?
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columbia river plateau
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Formation of this feature occurs after the explosive phase of an eruption when the magma becomes depleted in volatiles or gasses with the reduction of gas the viscous lava rises out of the vent to produce this feature in the summit crater?
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lava dome
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Volcanoes with magma of high silica content are generally more explosive than those with magma of low silica content?
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true
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What term describes a variety of volcanic eruptions from small to ones with an eruptive column of around a kilometer? This style of eruption is short lived and ejects viscous or pasty lava tens or hundreds of meters in the air.
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strombolian
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This national park features a lake within a caldera?
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crater lake
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Pyroclastic flows move much faster than basalt flows?
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true
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Volcanoes of this type have steep slopes as much as 30 degrees near the summit and tapering down to four or five degrees near the base and are composed of igneous rocks from flows and pyroclastic material?
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stratovolcano
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The various types of volcanic debris hat settles out of the air are called?
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pyroclasic
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Santorini is in
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greece
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The name Minoan was given to the Bronze Age civilization of Crete by British Archaeologist Arthur Evans who named them after
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the Greek mythical king Minos
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The center of the Bronze Age civilization of Minoans was on the island of
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Crete
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What happened to the center of Minoan civilization in Crete when Santorini exploded?
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devastated by earthquakes and tsunami
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The volume of erupted material ranks Santorini how in regards to historic volcanic eruptions
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second
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Minoan civilization flourished before which of these civilizations
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all of these
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Radio carbon agres suggest that the Santorini eruption occurred when
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1627-1600 BC
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Of the Cyclades group of Aegean Sea Islands represents the submerged tops of mountains composed of continental crust
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true
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Subduction of this plate and the magma it generates by the subduction has helped create the
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South Aegean volcanic arc
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Minoan art was produced strictly for political, religious, or other social purposes
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false
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Not long after the eruption of Santorini this cilization replaced the Minonans as the power in the region
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Mycenean
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What famous myth has the destruction of Santorini been associated with?
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Atlantis
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script of Minoans is
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linear A
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Santorini is at the boundary of these 2 lithospheric plates
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African and the Aegean subplate
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Minoan women had a measure of equality greater than most of the ancient world
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true
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What style of eruption was Santorini
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plinian
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Does the Post-Minoan eruption and volcanic history of Santorini indicate that it is an active volcano
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yes
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The end of the Santorini was marked by formation of a large submarine caldera
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true
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A famous archaeological excavation on Santorini is
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akrotiri
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The rectangular lagoon surrounded by Santorni islands is
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caldera
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How did Minoans accumulate wealth?
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maritime traders
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What happened to the people of santorini when the eruption occurred
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most fled
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A sliver of this tectonic plate is subducting under Italy
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african
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What types of artifacts have been found in Herculaneum and Pompeii?
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all of these
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The eyewitness to the Vesuvius eruptions described the eruption column as looking like
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an umbrella pine
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Herculaneum and Pompeii were both buried by
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pyroclastic flows/surges
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Deeper layers of pumice mark ancient eruptions, older than the Vesuvius eruption that buried
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Herculaneum and Pompeii
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The Italian government supports a volcano observatory to monitor Vesuvius and has mapped volcanic hazards in the region
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true
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Which buried city was explored and exploited for artifacts by tunnels long before open excavation began?
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herculaneum
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The most voluminous rock constituent of Vesuvius pyroclastic flow is
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pumice
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What is the name of the subduction zone along the Adriatic margin of Italy?
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calabrian subduction zone
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Most of the eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius are of what eruptive style?
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plinian-pellean
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Collapse of the Vesuvius eruption column caused how many pyroclastic flows/surges down the south and west volcano slopes
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six
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A detailed account of the Vesuvius eruption was made by
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Pliny the Younger
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An eruption of Mt. Vesuvius buried Pompeii and Herculaneum in the year of
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79 AD
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The pyroclastic surges of Vesuvius raced down slop at 100 to 300 km/hr and with a temperature over 100 degrees Celsius
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true
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Mt. Vesuvius occupies this historic region of Italy
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the campanian plain
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What very large modern metropolitan city is only a short distance from Mt Vesuvius?
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Naples
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What was the name of the commander of the Roman fleet at Misenum who died on a rescue mission to Stabiae near Pompeii?
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Pliny the Elder
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Herculaneum and Pompeii are now on the coast but were several miles inland at the time of Vesuvius's eruption
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false
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An even larger eruption of Vesuvius occurred in about 1780 BECAUSE and has been named the
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Avellino eruption explosion
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The largest pyroclastic surge from Vesuvius reached all the way to
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Misenum across the bay of naples
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Mt. Vesuvius is considered an active volcano
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true
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Which city was buried more deeply, Herculaneum or Pompeii?
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herculaneum
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Naples is not among the top ten largest population centers threatened by a volcanic hazard
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false
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Which city was hit first by Vesuvius pyroclastic flows?
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herculaneum
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Which of these volcanic areas are also associated with the Italian volcanic arc?
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all of these
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This volcanic area in Naples is home to 200,000 people and experiences significant vertical movement from magma causing ground swelling and contraction
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phlegreaen fields
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Animals killed by "tainted air" less than twenty years prior to the burial of Herculaneum and Pompeii were probably killed by gaseous emissions from fumaroles
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true
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The destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii and surrounding villages was done over how long a period of time?
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24 hours
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Pyroclastic flows into the bay of Naples caused at least one tsunami
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true
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Some buildings in Pompeii exhibit evidence of earthquake damage from 63 AD that was not yet repaired when the Vesuvius eruption occurred
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true
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The recent eruption of this Icelandic volcano caused the cancellation of thousands of trans-Atlantic and European airline flights
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Eyjafjallajokull
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Icelandic fissure eruptions often are characterized by lava fountaining
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true
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Melting ice in contact with magma makes for quiet non-explosive volcanic eruptions
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false
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the eruption of this volcano was the largest (in volume) basaltic eruption during historic time
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Laki
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Until WWII, Iceland was a territory of this European country
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Denmark
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the winter following the eruption of Lake was unusually severe in Europe and North America
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true
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The year of the Laki eruption this famous American suggested a link bw the volcanic eruption in Iceland and the unusual weather and atmospheric conditions experienced in Europe
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Ben Franklin
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Most of Iceland's livestock died from what byproduct of the Laki eruptions?
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skeletal fluorosis
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The capital of Iceland is
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Reykjavik
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The volcanic eruptions at Laki were
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all of these
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Most fissure eruptions occur in this region than any other region on earth
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Iceland
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Subglacial eruptions can melt massive amounts of ice causing flash floods called
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jokulhlaups
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The great loss if human and animal lives in Iceland after the Laki eruption were causes by
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"the Mist Hardship"
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Basaltic lava fountains occur both in Hawaii and Iceland
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true
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Laki erupted what year?
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1783
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The laki eruption occurred in which country?
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Iceland
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The Laki volcanic region lies almost directly over
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a mantle plume
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flat topped, volcanic summit formed from a subglacial eruption is called a
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moberg
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Which country is the most active volcanic region in the world?
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Iceland
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Iceland is on what plate boundary?
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the mid-atlantic ridge
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What caused the deadly tsunami associated with the Tambora eruption?
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pyroclastic flows on the ocean
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A great deal of our information about the eruption of Tambora comes from the Lt. Governor of the territory who was
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thomas raffles
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The volcano Tambora is on an island, one of many belonging to this island archipelago country
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Indonesia
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The large eruption of columns of Tambora were of this style
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Plinian
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A book titled The Last Great Subsistence of Crisis in the Western-World refers to the period after the Napoleonic Wars and the climate problems caused by the eruption of
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Tambora
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An increase in atmospheric aerosols can cause the atmosphere to cool
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true
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The Tambora increase in atmospheric aerosols was preserved and measured in
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ice cores
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What type of volcano is Tambora?
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stratovolcano
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The volcanic activity at Tambora is a consequence of subduction into what nearby trench?
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sunda
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Which of the following contribute to the aerosol content of the atmosphere?
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all of these
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Which of the following eruptions involved the greatest volume of erupted material?
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Tambora
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The summer of 1816 was so cold that it is known as
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the year without summer
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Increasing atmospheric aerosols can cause a decrease in rainfall
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true
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No trace has ever been found of the village of Tambora, buried by the eruption?
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false
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The largest numbers of casualties from the Tambora eruption were from what?
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a tsunami
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The greatest volume of erupted material from Tambora was
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tephra
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A great deal of our information about the eruption of Tambora comes from the Lt. Governor of the territory who was
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Thomas Raffles
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Today Tambora has a very prominent, large, and deep caldera
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true
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Dry Fog is
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Caused by large concentrations of aerosols in the atmosphere
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Were it not for the cold Swiss summer following Tambora eruption, John William Polidori may not have introduced this genre of creatures to the world
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vampires
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Months after the Tambora eruption, large quantities of this material were found floating thousands of kilometers from Tambora
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pumice
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Tambora's last large eruption occurred what year
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1815
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In the vicinity of Tambora, post-eruption problems for local populations did not include
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cold conditions
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How does the Tambora eruption rank in terms of the greatest loss of life (directly or indirectly) from a volcanic eruption?
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first
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Which volcanic eruption was the largest explosive eruption of the last 100,000 years?
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Tambora
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Mary Shelley began this famous book while the guest of Lord Byron during the cold Swiss summer following the Tambora eruption
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the modern prometheus or frankenstein
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Some of the landscape sunsets of this artist appear to have ben inspired by the colorful sunsets following the Tambora eruption
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William Turner
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The large eruption columns of Tambora were of this style
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plinian
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At the time of the Tambora eruption what colonial power was in control of the territory?
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britain
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Scientists believe the pyroclastic flows/surges of Tambora were caused by
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collapse of the eruption column
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Livestock deaths are often reported because of fluorine poisoning near the sites of volcanic eruptions
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true
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The release of huge quantities of this gas by Tambora caused acid rain over a large area
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chlorine
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The highest eruption clouds from Tambora reached a maximum altitude of
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30-40 km
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The eruption of this volcano was basaltic
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Laki
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Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes of less than 15 degrees and is generally basaltic in composition?
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shield volcano
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Basaltic flow tops with a ropey appearance are known by the Hawaiian name
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Pahoehoe
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Rhyolitic and andesitic eruptions, basaltic eruptions are incapable of causing temporary global cooling
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false
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Dates for the Santorini eruption are provided by
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radio carbon analysis and tree ring dates
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This individual, the Lt. Gov. of Java, provided a great deal
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Raffles
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Lava once poured from the Laki fissure at a rate comparable to 85% of the discharge rate of this major river
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Amazon
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The Pillars of Hercules as described in antiquity is a reference to what?
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Striats of Gibraltar
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Most of the erupted Laki material was by
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fissure eruption
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The last eruption of Vesuvius was how many years ago
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less than 100 years ago
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A volcanic ash horizon form the eruption of this volcano is important for the alignment of the eastern Mediterranean archeology record of the second millennium BC
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santorini
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Indonesia has approximately how many volcanoes
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more than 150
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This volcanic rock is similar to pumice but produced by basaltic eruptions
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scoria
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The volcanic explosively index ranges from 0 to 8. What was the index of the last major prehistoric eruption of Yellowstone?
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8
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Most of the volcanic material that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum was
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ash and pumice
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More people died from indirect effects of Tambora than from immediate direct effects
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true
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The collapse of Plininan eruption columns can case pumice-rich _____ to rapidly inundate the flanks and surrounding regions of a stratovolcaone
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pyroclastic flows
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Vesuvius, Laki, Santorini, are all considered active volcanoes
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true
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The agricultural disaster caused by global cooling after the eruption of this volcano caused what has been called the last great sustenance crisis
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tambora
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A tsunami, contemporaneous with the Santorini eruption, hit Crete and probably was caused by
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collapse of santorini caldera
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Lava of what composition is thicker or more viscous and has higher silica content?
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rhyolitic
