question

The more ______ young men are the more likely they are to partake in acquaintance rape, but most don't identify themselves as rapists.

answer

sexually active

question

______ rape occurs when the offenders interprets the woman's initial behavior as consensual to sexual relations but she retracts agreement before the actual act.

answer

Victim-precipitated

question

Most victims experience severe emotional confusion and upheaval, but eventually pull themselves out of it, depending on the degree of violence and their age, social class, cultural background, and prior sexual experiences; this emotional state is called ______.

answer

disorganized

question

______ theory says people are likely to engage in family violence if they have been exposed to violence in one way or another, and learn that violence is an appropriate way to deal with interpersonal problems.

answer

Social learning

question

______ is a theory of family violence that says some people who experience stress will turn to violence.

answer

Stress theory

question

______ is a theory of family violence that says persons are likely to commit violence if the benefit of it is greater than the cost of punishment.

answer

Exchange theory

question

______ states that rape is caused by sexual inequality because rape is an expression of men's dominance over women.

answer

Feminist theory

question

One expression of America's culture of rape is when women are treated as men's ______.

answer

property

question

______ theory explains that since rape serves to preserve male dominance, men are likely to assault women.

answer

Feminist

question

10. Outside of the police and the military, American society's most violent institution is probably the ______.

answer

family

question

Feelings of depression, anxiety, and helplessness such as those suffered by U.S. soldiers and victims of physical injury are called ______.

answer

post traumatic stress disorder

question

Actions conducted in the international arena by individuals that have no nation-state are know as ______ terrorism.

answer

transnational

question

When discussing the process of becoming a criminal, noted Criminologist ______ said there are two types of deviant acts which become controlling in most if not all future behavior.

answer

Frank Tannenbaum

question

When caregivers and others label behavior as nuisance, deviant or delinquent, which youths see as normal behavior, the attention given to the behavior in so labeling it is referred to as ______.

answer

dramatizing the evil

question

According to ______, labeling a person as deviant creates positive consequences for the community, group, or individuals that apply the label.

answer

labeling theorists

question

Regarding conflict theory, the ideal of the law, formal rules that are assumed to represent the public interest is referred to as the ______.

answer

law on the books

question

______ is the reality of the law and how legal authorities actually discharge their duty, which often is unfair and unjust.

answer

Law in action

question

______ theory tries to explain how the presence or absence of restraints controls the expression of frustration.

answer

External restraint

question

______ is the whole-sale killing of a racial or ethnic group; victims are killed for who they are, such as members of a stigmatized category.

answer

Genocide

question

______ is pursuing someone that may cause the victim to fear being assaulted or killed, spying on or following a victim, showing up at places where he or she is present, or killing their pets.

answer

Stalking

question

Most killings are ______, which means that generally, blacks tend to kill fellow blacks, and whites murder whites.

answer

intraracial

question

______ theory is intended to show why some people who are frustrated commit suicide, whereas others who are just as frustrated turn to homicide.

answer

External restraint

question

According to ______ theory, deviance is a collective action and involves the meanings imputed to people's actions.

answer

labeling

question

If someone is considered a deviant by others, and comes to see him or herself in the same way, that person is called a ______ deviant.

answer

secondary

question

According to phenomenologists, the most important aspect of deviant reality is the ______ that the deviant person imputes to his or her own deviant experience.

answer

subjective meaning

question

The ______ theory sees technology and innovation as intervening variables when it comes to explaining deviant behavior.

answer

postmodernist

question

According to the ______ theory, deviant behavior is due to the unequal distribution of limited resources.

answer

conflict

question

According to the ______ theory, power, or the lack of it, determines the type of deviance one commits.

answer

power

question

The ______ theory attributes deviant behavior to the unequal distribution of resources brought about by the exploitative capitalist system.

answer

marxist

question

One of the weakness of the ______ theory is that it fails to answer what causes deviance in the first place.

answer

labeling

question

When it comes to the law, the ______ theory pays attention to what ought to happen, and what actually happens.

answer

legal reality

question

According to control theory, ______ is more positive; makes wrongdoers feel guilty while showing understanding, forgiveness, and respect; and works well in communitarian societies.

answer

reintegrative shaming

question

______ theory says people will continue to engage in criminal behavior if they are rewarded for doing so and have been exposed to deviant ideas more than to anti-deviant ideas.

answer

Differential reinforcement

question

The ______ of deviance says deviance is imputed by society to some behavior or set of behaviors and qualities.

answer

constructionist perspective

question

______ says deviance is an observable object and that deviant behavior has a certain nature that can lead to observation and study.

answer

Objectivism

question

When responding to socially created pressures, ______ is a rejection of prevailing social expectations and support for overthrowing the system.

answer

rebellion

question

The broadest of definitions deviant behavior include ______, such as geniuses, saints, creative artists and glamorous celebrities.

answer

positive deviance

question

Some sociologists point to the role of power in defining deviance; they say deviance is the consequence of an ______, and deviants are persons so labeled.

answer

application of rules

question

When responding to socially created pressures, ______ is accepting both society-approved goals and means.

answer

conformity

question

Robert K. Merton developed ______ to explain the breakdown of social norms resulting from urging people to be ambitious, without providing the opportunities to succeed.

answer

strain theory

question

The ______ of deviance is associated with physical sciences; it says deviance is intrinsically real.

answer

positivistic perspective

question

Within the Positivist perspective is an assumption that deviance is intrinsically real, an objective fact, and determined behavior; this is called ______.

answer

absolutism

question

When responding to socially created pressures, ______ is abandoning high success goals but pursuing legitimate work.

answer

ritualism

question

______ is based on the belief that deviance is caused by the social and physical environment.

answer

Determinism

question

The ______ on deviance consists of three basic assumptions: 1) deviance is absolutely real, 2) deviance is an observable object, and 3) deviance is determined.

answer

positivistic perspective

question

The ______ assumes deviance is a label, a subjective experience or a voluntary act.

answer

constructionist perspective

question

Based in the Constructionist Perspective, ______ says an act is deviant only because people think it is deviant.

answer

relativism

question

The ______ theory of deviance proposes that man has basic natural primal desires from birth to engage in socially dangerous behavior.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

When responding to socially created pressures, ______ is the use of illegitimate means to achieve socially accepted/promoted high success goals.

answer

innovation

question

Cohen proposed the theory of ______, which emphasizes the difficulty of lower-class youth in achieving status in legitimate ways.

answer

status frustration

question

Based in the Constructionist Perspective, ______ assumes that the deviant person is a feeling, thinking, and reflective subject who has worth and dignity and in order to understand them, we should learn to appreciate and empathize with them.

answer

subjectivism

question

According to Cohen, lower-classed youths experience status frustration and turn to deviance when they fail to meet what they consider unreasonable social expectations known as ______.

answer

middle-class measuring rods

question

______ argues that three types of illegitimate opportunity give rise to three distinctive subcultures: the criminal subculture, where youth achieve goals by stealing, robbing, and fencing; a conflict subculture, where violent gangs give high status to good fighters; and the retreatist subculture, where the use of drugs is featured.

answer

Differential illegitimate opportunity

question

According to ______ theory, deviant behavior is learned through one's interaction with others.

answer

social learning

question

Sutherland believed that when one has an excess of criminal over anti-criminal contacts and is more influenced by them, then ______ exists and individual criminality can occur.

answer

differential association

question

For the poor and powerless, deviance is acts considered by the powerful to be a violation of a ______.

answer

social rule

question

The ______ assumes that humans are rational and will continue to commit crime unless the cost, through legal punishment, is severe.

answer

deterrence doctrine

question

According to control theory, ______ occurs when the deviant is stigmatized and rejected by conventional society.

answer

disintegrative shaming

question

When responding to socially created pressures, ______ is a withdrawal from goals and means of society.

answer

retreatism

question

The ______ of deviance says deviance is less a function of act and more a function of being labeled as deviant.

answer

labeling view

question

According to control theories of deviance, the central question is ______.

answer

what causes conformity

question

Most rapes are ______.

answer

premeditated

question

Which of the following is NOT a kind of social control that can prevent deviance? a) bonds to society b) reintegrative shaming c) differential association d) legal punishment

answer

c

question

According to the social profile of molesters, which of the following traits is most likely associated with a child molester rather than a rapist?

answer

gentleness and passivity

question

According to labeling theory, the focus of sociological research should be on the ______ between the supposed deviant and ______ people.

answer

interaction, conventional

question

Phenomenologists came up with the term ______ to mean the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant experience.

answer

deviant reality

question

The author of the text concludes that psychological theories of rape can only explain a few ______ of rape.

answer

unusual cases

question

Feelings of ______ is a problem psychologists feel can lead men to become rapists.

answer

sexual inadequacy

question

The feminine qualities conducive to becoming a victim of rape are ______.

answer

softness, gentleness, and consideration

question

Burgess and Akers argued that before one becomes criminal, a process of __________ must occur where he or she is rewarded for continuing deviant behavior.

answer

differential reinforcement

question

The myth that women want to be raped is a male ______ rationalization.

answer

blame-the-victim

question

Until recently, almost all rapes were ______.

answer

intraracial

question

The "feeling of being raped again" refers to the woman victim's encounter with the ______.

answer

police

question

With acquaintance rape, the rapist mostly uses ______.

answer

verbal coercion

question

Most rapists do some ______ before their assaults.

answer

planning

question

The theories of positivist sociologists attempt to explain the __________ of deviance.

answer

causes

question

To say that deviance is determined behavior implies that humans cannot choose between ______.

answer

good and bad

question

Research has shown that majority of abused women _____ abusive relationships.

answer

leave

question

All of the following are ways that pornography is implicated in the problem of rape, EXCEPT that it: a) trivializes the problem of rape b) tends to incite violent, angry men to rape c) provides an erotic sexual outlet d) treats women as men's sex objects

answer

c

question

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the battered woman syndrome? a) loss of self-esteem b) expecting the terror of violence c) passively submitting to more violence d) feeling trapped

answer

c

question

One reason why more poor people commit murders over very trivial acts is the impact of _______ oppression on one's sense of honor.

answer

economic and social

question

One reason why we are more likely to be killed by those we know than by strangers is that murder most often requires a great deal of ______, which is more likely to be generated by intimate relations.

answer

emotion

question

______ are more likely than young adults from 20 to 29 to kill.

answer

Teenagers

question

Most control theorists seem to accept the Freudian assumption that our ______, if unchecked, will turn into deviant behavior.

answer

inborn animal impulses

question

According to the text's author, attributing deviant behavior to ______ is a form of pseudo explanation because the concept does not explain why someone _____ either deviance or normal behavior.

answer

choice, chooses

question

Which of the following are ways feminist theory shifts the focus of theories of deviance? a) a focus on women as offenders and victims related to their subordinate roles b) a concentration on women as economically more successful c) a focus on the greater deviance of men d) a recognition of a new and growing goals-means gap

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the South is the region with the nation's highest murder rate? a) The "subculture of violence" in the South b) The prevalence of rurality, forcing family members and friends to spend too much time with each other c) The prevalence of population heterogeneity which leads to a lack of community d) The reduction of community integration through population dispersion

answer

c

question

One reason why labeling theory has enjoyed tremendous popularity among sociologists is because this theory has ______ to support some of its basic ideas.

answer

considerable data

question

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, a person becomes deviant or delinquent when there is an excess of _____ contacts favorable to violation of the law.

answer

deviant

question

Feminist theorists argue that most theories of deviance are only about ______.

answer

men

question

All of the following are reasons the powerful are more prone to deviance EXCEPT for a) stronger deviant motivation b) greater deviant opportunity c) greater deviant tendencies d) the weaker application of social controls

answer

c

question

Sociologists criticizing control theory point out that control can become a possible cause of deviance. They therefore conclude that most versions of this theory are too ______.

answer

simplistic

question

What 3 theories are included in the constructionist theories of deviance?

answer

conflict, labeling, phenomenological

question

The conflict approach contributes of our understanding of deviant behavior by showing how ______ influences the making and enforcing of norms and laws.

answer

social inequality

question

What 3 theories are included in the positivistic theories of deviance?

answer

anomie-strain, control, differential association

question

Albert Cohen's theory is similar to Merton's approach, but Cohen replaced the word "success" with the word "__________."

answer

status

question

T/F: Poverty is a contributing factor to family violence.

answer

true

question

T/F: Stepfathers are more likely to sexually abuse their children.

answer

true

question

T/F: Most family abusers are well-integrated into the community and commit their abuse in secret.

answer

false

Deviance Midterm

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