question

An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is?

answer

changing the data to support the hypothesis.

question

If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:

answer

longitudinal research.

question

Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner is referred to as:

answer

scientific observation.

question

Freud believed that all people experience ______ related to various parts of their bodies.

answer

sensual satisfactions

question

In operant conditioning, an organism learns that:

answer

a particular behavior usually produces a particular consequence.

question

In operant conditioning, reinforcers:

answer

strengthen behaviors which they follow.

question

According to Piaget, two types of adaptation are:

answer

assimilation and accommodation.

question

In cross-sectional research on development, each of the groups studied is of a different:

answer

age.

question

Once a researcher has developed a hypothesis, his next step in the scientific method is to:

answer

design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).

question

What is the process by which mentors guide novices to master the skills and habits expected within a culture?

answer

guided participation

question

A crucial element of the science of human development is the:

answer

focus on all kinds of people, young and old.

question

Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?

answer

observable behavior

question

When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:

answer

the experiment.

question

Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?

answer

The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn, affects genes.

question

The initials IRB stand for

answer

Institutional Research Board.

question

To study people's thoughts about aging, a researcher would most likely use:

answer

a survey.

question

During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to express their internal experience in terms of symbols such as speaking?

answer

preoperational

question

Once the researcher has tested his/her hypothesis, the fourth step in the scientific process is to:

answer

draw conclusions.

question

If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:

answer

scientific observation.

question

Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-deficit error?

answer

The mistaken assumption that a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically normal.

question

Scientific observation permits:

answer

the study of individuals behaving as they normally do.

question

Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children. She asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that were focused on the candy aisle. Her method of study is:

answer

scientific observation.

question

In classical conditioning, an organism learns:

answer

to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one.

question

In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process?

answer

providing details of the study which will allow for replication

question

David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their children all have normal hearing. David and Nichole have decided to teach their daughter Celeste, who is 3, American Sign Language. Based on the research of Cook et al., why might David and Nichole be doing this?

answer

Children learn better when they use gestures as well as words when speaking.

question

The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the ______ characteristic of development.

answer

multidisciplinary

question

A father wants his son to help his mother wash the dishes every night. According to social learning theory, the father should:

answer

help out with the dishes himself.

question

When we adjust our old ways of thinking in order to include new information, Piaget calls this process:

answer

accommodation.

question

In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as:

answer

informed consent.

question

Which of the following would be an example of qualitative data collection?

answer

Interviewing all of the siblings of a pair of conjoined twins and asking them about their personal interactions

question

The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is:

answer

integrity vs. despair.

question

In operational conditioning, reinforcements have what effect on an individual's behavior?

answer

make the behavior more likely to reoccur

question

What term refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or species' genetic inheritance?

answer

epigenetic

question

Joseph always dates women who are at least ten years older than he is. Which of the following might Freud propose as an explanation for Joseph's attraction to older women?

answer

Joseph is stuck in the phallic stage of development.

question

Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:

answer

quantitative.

question

What is the "sensitive period" of development?

answer

when a particular development occurs most easily

question

Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable to numbers is:

answer

qualitative.

question

According to Piaget, when a new experience or idea does not fit a person's existing understanding, the person experiences cognitive:

answer

disequilibrium.

question

A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study was:

answer

an experiment.

question

Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China. While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to understand that Han:

answer

will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States.

question

The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:

answer

code of ethics.

question

A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty years, when they are 10, 20, 30, and 40 years old, is conducting:

answer

longitudinal research.

question

In order, Freud's first three stages of development are:

answer

oral, anal, phallic.

question

Which of the following is the most complex and beneficial way to study change over time?

answer

a cross-sequential design

question

The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the following characteristic of the life-span perspective:

answer

multidirectional

question

Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:

answer

nature.

question

The notion of plasticity refers to the:

answer

ability of human traits to be molded during development.

question

A major pioneer in cognitive theory was:

answer

Piaget.

question

A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels. In this study, the independent variable was the:

answer

viewing of the violent film.

question

Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:

answer

are of major importance to society.

question

Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research?

answer

It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

question

A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?

answer

correlational

question

According to Piaget, cognitive growth is promoted by a need for:

answer

equilibrium.

question

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called:

answer

preoperational.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors that develop over time and appear quite different from those that came before?

answer

discontinuity

question

Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:

answer

develop a hypothesis.

question

Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:

answer

mirror neurons.

question

The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake and his hunger is:

answer

negative.

question

Which of the following is an example of a survey method?

answer

personal interviews

question

To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):

answer

ecological-systems approach.

question

The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory is:

answer

behaviorism.

question

The science of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:

answer

how and why people change across the life span.

question

A researcher interested in making a multicultural comparison would be most likely to compare which of the following?

answer

Australians and Canadians

question

When doing research with children, which of the following must be obtained?

answer

the parents' informed consent

question

If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:

answer

ethnic group.

question

According to Freud, each stage of development involves:

answer

potential conflicts.

question

Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:

answer

code of ethics.

question

If you find a correlation between school grades and school attendance, you can conclude that:

answer

high attendance and high grades tend to occur together.

question

According to Freud, who is most likely to be in the genital stage?

answer

a 16-year-old boy

question

Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:

answer

American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents.

question

What is replication of a study?

answer

the repetition of a study, using different participants

question

Danielle sucks her thumb because she finds it very pleasurable. According to Freud, Danielle is most likely in:

answer

the oral stage.

question

What is a "critical period" of development?

answer

when certain things must occur for normal development

question

Social learning theory emphasizes:

answer

...

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