DEP: Chapter 10C
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
social referencing
answer
relying on another persons emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation - begins at 8-10 months - children continue to read cues from others, especially trusted adults
question
voice of caregiver
answer
more effective than a facial expression alone because it conveys both emotional and verbal information
question
how does social referencing help toddlers?
answer
1. allows them to compare their own and other's assessment of events 2. helps them move beyond simply reacting to others emotional messages, allowing them to use those signals to guide their own actions and find out about others intentions, preferences and desires
question
4 year old Ella becomes nervous when her swimming class practices floating on their backs. She looks at her mother, who calms her. Reassured, Ella relaxes and enjoys floating on her back. What is she demonstrating?
answer
social referencing
question
temperament
answer
refers to early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
question
reactivity
answer
refers to variations in quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor action
question
what is temperament believed to form?
answer
the adult personality
question
Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study
answer
investigation of the development of temperament that followed 141 children from early infancy to adulthood
question
results of Thomas and Chess's longitudinal study (updated by Rothbar)
answer
1. temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems or can protect a child from the negative effects of a stressful home life 2. parenting practices can modify children's temperaments considerably
question
3 types of children based on temperament according to Thomas and Chess
answer
1. the easy child 2. the difficult child 3. the slow-to-warm-up child
question
the easy child
answer
- 40% of the sample - quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new situations
question
the difficult child
answer
- 10% of the sample - has irregular daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely - places children at high risk for adjustment problems in early and middle childhood
question
the slow-to-warm-up child
answer
- 15% of sample - inactive, shows mild low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences - tend to show excessive fearfulness and slow, constricted behavior in the late preschool and school years
question
what were the rest of Thomas and Chess's sample considered to be? (35%)
answer
do not fit any one category - show unique blends of temperamental characteristics
question
why are researchers so interested in temperament?
answer
because it is thought to be the foundation for adult personality
question
is temperament stable?
answer
because it develops with age, it is not very stable - overall stability is low to moderate - some children remain the same and many others will change
question
temperament and age
answer
temp. develops with age and the meaning of a particular behavior (which will change as child gets older)
question
when are long-term predictions about early temperament most accurate?
answer
after age 3 when the child's system of emotion, attention and action is better established - in 3rd year children perform more consistently across a variety of tasks requiring effortful control
question
why is temperament more stable at age 3?
answer
areas in the frontal lobes involved with suppressing impulses are developing rapidly
question
what does the low to moderate stability of temperament show us?
answer
that experience can modify biologically based temperamental traits - however, children rarely change from one extreme to the other
question
Thomas and Chess's Goodness of Fit Model
answer
explains how temperament and environmental pressures together can produce favorable outcomes - involved creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning - helps explain why temperamentally difficult children are at risk for later adjustments in life
question
good fit
answer
more adaptive functioning -positive and sensitive parenting increase emotion regulation
question
poor fit
answer
adjustment problems
question
matching temperament and child-rearing
answer
1. parents of difficult children tend to use angry, punitive discipline which undermines the development of effortful control - sustains child's irritable style 2. positive and sensitive parents help babies regulate emotion; difficulties declines by age 2-3 and benefits of parental sensitivity, support and clear expectations continue into childhood and adolescence
question
why is earlier better in temperament control?
answer
effective rearing conditions and child temperament are best accomplished early, before unfavorable temperament-environment relationships can produce maladjustment
question
a mom and dad know their son is aggressive and change their child-rearing style to counteract his maladaptive behavior. what are they using?
answer
the goodness-of-fit model
question
effortful control
answer
early predictor of effects of self control on later academic achievement
question
the marshmallow test
answer
children who pass enjoy greater success as adults
question
the marshmallow experiment by Mischel and Goleman
answer
test of effortful control - group of 2 year olds given a marshmallow and were promised another if they could wait 20min. before eating the first one - some children could wait and others could not - researchers followed the progress of each child and demonstrated that those with the ability to wait were better adjusted and more dependable and scored avg. of 210 points higher on the SAT
