Critial thinking week 3

A) Memorable-events error B) Probability error C) Gambler's error

A) Evidence B) False memory Syndrome C) Hearsay D) Anecdotal Evidence

A) Knowledge B) Rationalist C) Empiricist

A) One of the most credible sources of information is that of.... B) In seeking out experts, we should look at their credentials, including: ... or training from a reputable institute, ... in making judgments in the field, ... among peers as an expert in the field, and ... in the fields such as academic papers and awards.

\"Campbell Soup is hot—and some are getting burned. Just one day after the behemoth of broth reported record profits, Campbell said it would lay off 650 U.S. workers, including 175—or 11% of the workforce—at its headquarters in Camden, New Jersey.\" — Time

[The claim to evaluate is the first one in this passage.] Jackie Haskew taught paganism and devil worship in her fourth-grade classroom in Grand Saline, Texas, at least until she was pressured into resigning by parents of her students. (According to syndicated columnist Nat Hentoff, \"At the town meeting on her case, a parent said firmly that she did not want her daughter to read anything that dealt with 'death, abuse, divorce, religion, or any other issue.'\")

\"By 1893 there were only between 300 and 1,000 buffaloes remaining in the entire country. A few years later, President Theodore Roosevelt persuaded Congress to establish a number of wildlife preserves in which the remaining buffalos could live without danger. The numbers have increased since, nearly doubling over the past 10 years to 130,000.\" —Clifford May, in the New York Times Magazine

\"Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone, was responsible for the death of President John F. Kennedy.\" —Conclusion of the Warren Commission on the assassination of President Kennedy

\"[N]ewly released documents, including the transcripts of telephone conversations recorded by President Lyndon B. Johnson in November and December 1963, provide for the first time a detailed . . . look at why and how the seven-member Warren [Commission] was put together. Those documents, along with a review of previously released material . . . describe a process designed more to control information than to elicit and expose it.\" —\"The Truth Was Secondary,\" Washington Post National Weekly Edition

\"Short-sighted developers are determined to transform Choco [a large region of northwestern Colombia] from an undisturbed natural treasure to a polluted, industrialized growth center.\" — Solicitation letter from the World Wildlife Fund

\"Frantic parents tell shocked TV audience: space aliens stole our son.\" — Weekly World News

\"The manufacturer of Sudafed 12-hour capsules issued a nationwide recall of the product Sunday after two people in the state of Washington who had taken the medication died of cyanide poisoning and a third became seriously ill.\" —Los Angeles Times

\"In Canada, smoking in public places, trains, planes or even automobiles is now prohibited by law or by convention. The federal government has banned smoking in all its buildings.\" —Reuters

\"Maps, files and compasses were hidden in Monopoly sets and smuggled into World War II German prison camps by MI-5, Britain's counterintelligence agency, to help British prisoners escape, according to the British manufacturer of the game.\" — Associated Press

\"Cats that live indoors and use a litter box can live four to five years longer.\" —From an advertisement for Jonny Cat litter

\"A case reported by Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, Vista, California, tells of a man who had attended many of the meetings where a great variety of 'dead' people came and spoke through the body mechanism of Mark Probert to the group of interested persons on a great variety of subjects with questions and answers from 'both sides.' Then this man who had attended meetings while he was in a body, did what is called 'die.' Presumably he had learned 'while in the body' what he might expect at the change of awareness called death, about which organized religion seems to know little or nothing.\" — George Robinson, Exploring the Riddle of Reincarnation, undated, no publisher cited

\"Because of cartilage that begins to accumulate after age thirty, by the time . . . [a] man is seventy his nose has grown a half inch wider and another half inch longer, his earlobes have fattened, and his ears themselves have grown a quarter inch longer. Overall, his head's circumference increases a quarter inch every decade, and not because of his brain, which is shrinking. His head is fatter apparently because, unlike most other bones in the body, the skull seems to thicken with age.\" — John Tierney (a staff writer for Esquire)

\"Gardenias . . . need ample warmth, ample water, and steady feeding. Though hardy to 20° F or even lower, plants fail to grow and bloom well without summer heat.\" —The Sunset New Western Garden Book (a best-selling gardening reference in the West)

\"Exercise will make you feel fitter, but there's no good evidence that it will make you live longer.\"— Dr. Jordan Tobin, National Institute on Aging

\"Your bones are still growing until you're 35.\" —From a national milk ad by the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board

\"E. coliO157:H7 has become common enough to be the current major cause of acute kidney failure in children.\" — Robin Cook, a physician- turned-novelist. This claim was made by a fictional expert on food-borne illnesses in the novelToxin. E. coli O157:H7 is a disease-causing food-borne bacterium originally found in the intestines of cows.

\"A woman employed as a Santa Claus at a Wal-Mart in Kentucky was fired by Wal-Mart when a child pinched her breast and complained to his mother that Santa was a woman. The woman complained to store managers.\" — Associated Press

Paris Hilton requested a trademark for the phrase \"That's hot\" from the U.S. Office of Trademarks and Patents. — Defamer blog

A) ... Is a social Phenomenon that occurs in groups of people above a critical size B) Our brain seems programmed to classify people as either .... We tend to treat people who are similar to us with respect and those who are different from us with suspicion. C) The influence of ... is so powerful that it can lead to collective delusions in which people attempt to fit evidence into their cultural worldview. D) ... can influence individual members to behave in ways or take positions that they would never do by themselves.

A) Fallacy B) Informal Fallacy C) Formal Fallacy

1. Some high school dropouts are men. No doctors are high school dropouts. Therefore, no doctors are men. 2. Some girls have short hair. Amy is a girl. Therefore, Amy has short hair. 3. When I was shopping at Trudy's, no one paid any attention to me. I guess Trudy's is not a very friendly place to work. 4. All humans are mammals. All bears are mammals. Therefore, all humans are bears. 5. He should be a senator given his history. His wife ran off with Judge Smith, his grandmother died of food poisoning, and his children are all in gangs. 6. The Bible says, \"Thou shalt not kill,\" so it is wrong to kill in self-defense. 7. All women who drive convertibles are people who love the feeling of wind in their hair. Jasmine loves the feeling of wind in her hair. So, she must drive a convertible. 8. All cows prefer grass to lettuce. A guinea pig is not a cow. So, a guinea pig does not prefer grass to lettuce.

A) Fallacy of Equivocation B) Fallacy of amphiboly C) Fallacy of accent D) Fallacy of division E) Fallacy of composition

A) Fallacy of ... ocurs when the meaning of the ambiguous key term is not clear from the context of the argument. B) The fallacy of ... can happen when we take a passage out of context, thus changing its original meaning. C) Advertisers may intentionally use an ... , hoping you'll read more into the statement that is actually there. D) When committing the fallacy of ... we incorrectly assume that each member of a group has a characteristics of the group in general

A) Fallacy of division B) Fallacy of composition

A) Personal Attack B) Appeal to force C) Appeal to pity D) Popular appeal E) Appeal to ignorance F) Hasty generalization G) Straw Man H) Red herring

A) The ad hominem fallacy can take two forms: ..., when we directly attack the character of the person, or ..., when we dismiss someone's argument or accuse someone of hypocrisy because of the person's particular circumstances. B) In order to avoid committing the fallacy of ... ..., we should make sure that we have a sufficiently large and unbiased - as well as an up-to-date- sample C) Appeal to force may involve ... ... rather than overt threats. D) People who fall for the fallacy of ... .. ... may see themselves as caring and sensitive people who hate to say no and are always willing to go out of their way for their friends. E) The use of the ... ... fallacy occurs in political debates when candidates want to avoid answering a question or commenting on a controversial issue. F) The fallacy of ... ... can take two forms : bandwagon approach and ... ... G) In fallacies of ..., one or more of the premises is logically irrelevant, or unrelated, to the conclusion. H) The fallacy of ... .. ... does not imply that we are stupid; Instead, it means that we are ignorant of the means of proving or disproving something. I) To avoid using or being taken in by the ... ... fallacy, go back and look at the argument in question. Ask yourself: Has the argument been reworded or oversimplified to the point of misrepresentation? Have key parts of the original argument been omitted or key words been changed or misused?

A) Begging the question B) Inappropriate appeal to authority C)Loaded question D)False dilemma E)questionable cause F) Slippery slope G) Naturalistic fallacy

A) The fallacy of ... ... is sometimes used in a court of law when a lawyer demands a yer or no answer to a questions such as \"Have you stopped beating your girlfriend?\" B) ... ... ... may take the form of the conclusion being a definition of the key term in the premises. C) A fallacy involving a(n) ... ... occurs when an argument includes an assumption that is not supported by evidence. D) We often find the fallacy of ... ... .. ... in advertisements in which celebrities are used to promote products. E) We commit the ... ... fallacy when evidence does not support a predicted outcome. F) We frequently find the fallacy of ... ... in all-or-nothing thinking. G) To avoid the fallacy of ... ..., we should be careful not to assume that there is a casual relationship just because two events occur near each other in time. H) We find the ... fallacy in arguments that claim that no good can come from A.I., simply on the grounds that A.I. is artificial -and hence unnatural.

Strategies for avoiding fallacies

One of the strategies for avoiding the ad hominem fallacy is taking care not to confuse the soundness of an argument with the character or circumstances of the person making the argument.

You're less likely to commit informal fallacies if you stay focused on winning your argument rather than on getting to the truth about the issue.

One strategy for avoiding informal fallacies is to have a generally skeptical attitude.

Which of the following is a strategy for avoiding informal fallacies?

These fallacies often contain confusion of wording, grammar and/or concepts.

These fallacies often have inadequate evidence.

These fallacies often contain a lack of a logical relationship.

Saying that UFOs don't exist because no one has proven that they do is an example of which kind of fallacy?

When someone shifts the meaning of a term in the course of an argument, that person commits a fallacy of

Saying that one should never give into a child's requests because the child will then become completely spoiled is an example of which fallacy?

If you're asked about your position on deep-water oil drilling, and you shift to a critique of the current president, you're introducing a straw man fallacy.

The person who quotes a passage out of context to prove a point commits the fallacy of accent.

\"If I don't get the job I just interviewed for, I'll be stuck in my current job forever.\" This person has committed the fallacy of questionable cause.

A poll question asks, \"Do you plan on having your children before the age of 30?\" This is the fallacy called begging the question.

________ occurs when an argument contains a grammatical mistake that allows more than one conclusion to be drawn.

\"Proponents of same-sex marriage want to destroy traditional marriage and make gay marriage the norm.\" What kind of fallacy is this?

Those who can recognize fallacies make themselves less vulnerable to victimization and persuasion by flawed arguments

Self-awareness and good listening skills are important in life, but logic is far more important when it comes to avoiding fallacies

A) Fallacies of ambiguity B) Fallacies of relevance C) Fallacies involving unwarranted assumptions

________ is information or experience that we believe to be true and for which we have justification.

Rationalists claim that most human knowledge comes through ________.

________ claim that we discover truth primarily through our physical senses

We can rely on our direct sense experience to give us accurate information.

Anecdotal evidence is based on personal testimonies and is an unreliable source of evidence.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to look only for evidence that fits with our assumptions and to engage in resistance when we encounter evidence that contradicts those assumptions.

Four key tests of the credibility of an expert are her or his education , experience, reputation, and rhetorical skills.

Vividly recalling events that never happened is a phenomenon known as ________.

________ evidence is an unreliable form of evidence that is heard by one person and then repeated to another.

When doing research on the Internet, the best way to assess the reliability of the information presented is to determine the

The memorable-events error occurs when we see a meaningful pattern in an image where there is none, such as with a Rorschach inkblot.

Gambler's error is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy.

The tendency to treat people who are similar to us with respect and those who are different from us with suspicion is purely a learned response.

Group pressure and the urge to conform are so strong in humans that they can cause us to deny evidence that is right before our eyes.

Diffusion of responsibility is a phenomenon that occurs when we take credit for our successes but blame others for our failures.