criminology chapter 9 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
developmental criminology
answer
a more global vision of a criminal career, encompassing its onset, continuation, and termination A view of criminal behavior that places emphasis on the changes people go through over the life course. It presents a criminal career as a dynamic process involving onset, continuity, persistence, acceleration, and eventual desistance from criminal behavior, controlled by individual level traits and conditions.
question
developmental theories
answer
theories which are models of crime causation that weave social and individual variables into a complex explanatory chain
question
eleanor and sheldon Glueck
answer
founders of the developmental field of criminology "the deeper the roots of childhood maladjustment, the smaller the chance of adult adjustment
question
core ideas of developmental theory
answer
Crime is a function of environmental, socialization, physical, and psychological factors. Each makes an independent contribution to shaping and directing behavior patterns. Deficits in these areas of human development increase the risk of crime. People at risk for crime can resist antisocial behaviors if these traits and conditions can be strengthened.
question
criticisms of developmental theory sociologist Edwin sutherland
answer
wanted to keep criminology in the field of sociology and feared or disparaged efforts to integrate biological or psychological concepts into the field.
question
modern outgrowths
answer
developmental theory, life course theory, propensity/latent trait theory, trajectory theory
question
life course theories
answer
see criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.
question
life course theories interconnect
answer
personal factors social factors socialization factors cognitive factors situational factors
question
trajectories
answer
pathways through the life span-patterns or transitions over time
question
turning points of crime
answer
positive life experiences such as gaining employment, getting married, or joining the military that create informal social control that alter the development of a criminal career.
question
problem behavior syndrome
answer
a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may inlcude family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precosious sexuality, and early pregnancy. Educational acheivement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment as well as crime. Crime is just on type of social problem not the product of other social problems.
question
human agency
answer
the purposeful execution of choice and free will that can help people desist from crime.
question
persistance or desistance
answer
what may help a person resist a life of crime while they are still in their teens, may have little impact once they reach their twenties.
question
persistance factor age of onset
answer
the younger they start the more strong a predictor if they continue- starting early in delinquent behavior creates a downward spiral in a young person's life. The causes of early onset include: poor parental discipline and monitoring, inadequate emotional support, distant peeer relationships, psychological issues and problems.
question
cumulative disadvantage
answer
negative things can happen and have different weights attached to them. some more than others. Problems can compound exponentially
question
social capital
answer
positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining
question
principle life course theories
answer
social development model interactional theory
question
Life course theory social development model
answer
community level risk factors risk factors either reinforced or neutralized a child must maintain prosocial bonds prosocial or antisocial behavior determines quality of attachments prosocial path inhibits deviance without bonding deviance occurs
question
liffe course theory interaction theory
answer
focus on weak bonds weak bonds lead to deviant friends changes as person matures crime is bidirectional
question
Propensity/ latent trait theories
answer
David Rowe and Wayne osgood and alan nicewander proposed a concept of latent trait. This model assumes that a number of people in the population have a personal attribute or characteristic that controls their inclination or propensity to commit crime
question
propensity
answer
an inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way
question
latent trait
answer
a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone over the life course.
question
Latent trait theory cognitive antisocial potential theory
answer
david farrington latent trait: antisocial potential The commission of offenses or other antisocial acts depends on interaction between the individual and their immediate AP and the social environment
question
Latent trait theory coercion theory
answer
Mark colvin Perceptions of coercion begins early in life when children experience punitive forms of discipline destructive family interchanges ingrains coercion and guides reactions to adverse situations that arise in family and nonfamily settings
question
Latnt trait theory control balance theory
answer
Charles tittle conformity results with the amount of control one is subjected to by others and the amount of control one can exercise over others is in balance.
question
Most prominent latent trait theory Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime
answer
propensity to commit crime linked to two latent traits impulsive personality lack of self control
question
Trajectory theory
answer
There is more than one path to crime and more than one class of offender and there are different trajectories in a criminal career. Because people are different, no single model can hope to describe every person's journey through life
question
3 paths to a criminal career
answer
authority conflict pathway the covert pathway overt pathway
question
terri moffitt Adolescent limited offenders vs life course persisters adolescent limited offenders
answer
offender who follows the most common criminal trajectory, in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes
question
terri moffitt Adolescent limited offenders vs life course persisters life course persisters
answer
one of the small groups of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New