question

behavior theory

answer

differs from other psychological theories in that the major determinants of behavior r thought 2 b grounded in surrounding environment rather than in the individuals

question

modeling theory by albert bandura

answer

developed comprehensive modeling theory of aggression. people learn 2 act aggressively by observing others, either in person/media people may also become aggressive cuz they r rewarded 4 such behavior

question

attachment theory by john Bowlby in 1950s

answer

healthy personality development requires that infants & young children have a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship w/mother or permanent mother sub test of attachment theory seem 2 confirm difficulties in early childhood produce adult criminality

question

children raised in insecure environments r likely

answer

2 engage in violent behavior as adults

question

childhood insecurity leads to relative lack of empathy, which may b

answer

most important factor in whether or not person conforms

question

social groups, social institiutions, arrangement of society, and

answer

social roles r the focus of study on crime causation

question

group dynamics, group organization, and subgroup relationships

answer

form causal nexus from which crime developes

question

societys structure & its relative degree of organization/disorganization r

answer

important factors contribution 2 prevalence of criminal behavior

question

specific behavior of a given individual cannot b predicted, butt statistical estimates of group characteristics &

answer

of probability that member of given group will enagage in specific type if crime r possible

question

instituioal arragements w/in social structure & social processes,

answer

as they affect socialization, have an impact on social life

question

seeks 2 identify those types of behavior likely 2 b exhibited by group members that r linked 2 structural & socialization

answer

processes which can become predictable characteristics of future crime participation (macro focus)

question

explanations 4 crime under social structure persepective

answer

crime is result of person's location w/in structure of society (social structure theory) crime is end product of various social processes (social processs theory) crime is product of class struggle (conflict theory)

question

social structure theories explain crime as the result of the institutional structure of society

answer

the various formal & informal arrangemnets between social groups r seen as root causes of crime & deviance these theories suggest society's contribution 2 low socioeconomic status is a significant cause of crime

question

members of socially 7 economicallt disadvangtaged groups r considered more

answer

likely to commit crime

question

factors conductive 2 crime (poverty, lack of education, subculutural values)

answer

seen as predcitaed on social conditions that influence early life experiences

question

underlying theme of social strucuture theories is concept of social & economic deprivastion as

answer

motivating factor 4 criminal behavior, in contrast 2 motivations derived from individual triats

question

social structural perspective sees crime as primarily a lower-class phenomenon

answer

while criminaliy of middle & upper classes is frequently considered 2 b less serious, less frequent, & less dangerous

question

3 primary social structure theories r

answer

social disorganization, strain, & culture conflcit

question

associated w/ecological school of criminology or often

answer

referred 2 as Chicago school of criminology

question

park & burgess developed field of

answer

social ecology/ecological school of criminology in 1920s & 1930s

question

their work linked the structure & organization of community

answer

2 interactions w/in its environment

question

they viewed cities in terms of concentric zones,

answer

each which had unique characteristics

question

zone 1

answer

city center, housing retail businesses & light maufacturing

question

zone 2

answer

area surrounding the city center that housed recent immigrant groups, contained deteriorating housing, abandonded buildings and factories, and was seen as being in trasition from residential 2 business purposes

question

zone 3

answer

contained mostly working-class tenements

question

zone 4

answer

occupie by middle-class citizens living in single-family homes

question

zone 5

answer

commuter zone, consisting mainly of suburbs

question

shaw & mcmkay applied the concentric zone model 2 study of

answer

juvenile delinquency

question

they found rates of offending remained constant over time w/in zones of transition despite

answer

high rates of immigration & movement from inner cities 2 suburds

question

they also developed the concept of culutural transmission

answer

traditions of delinquency r transmittied through scuessive generations in same zone

question

W.I Thomas & florian znaniecki

answer

found crime rates rose among displaced persons suggested cause was social disorganization resulting from ones inability 2 successfully transplant norms & values from home culutres to new environemt

question

Chicago school demonstrated tendency 4 crime 2 b associated w/urban transition zones

answer

charac terized by lower propert values, marginalized individuals, & general lack of privacy

question

most important contribution of ecological school 2

answer

criminology its claim that community has major influence on human behavior

question

environmental criminology

answer

emphazies importance of genographic location & architectural features as they r associated w/prevalence of vicitimization "hot spots" of crime

question

broken windows thesis (Wilson & kelling)

answer

physical deterioration & unrepaired buildings lead 2 increased concerns 4 safety among area residents led 2 increase in "order maintencance policing" & crackdown on quilaity-of-life offsenses

question

defensible space

answer

range of mechanisms that combine 2 bring environment under control of residents architectural changes enhance barriers, define boundaries, remove criminal opportunity can reduce risk of crime

question

location can b as predictive of crime as lifestyles of victimized individuals/social features of

answer

victimized households places can b criminogenic

question

strain

answer

pressure that individuals feel 2 reach socially determined goals

question

strain view delinquency as

answer

adaptive behavior committed in response 2 problems caused by frustrating & undesirable social environments

question

classic strain theory was...

answer

.......

question

merton developed concept of anomie

answer

disjunction between socially approved means 2 success & legit goals which aren't equally available 2 all memebers of society

question

crime results from attempts 2 achieve legit goals

answer

through illegitmate means

question

social condtion in which norms r unclear/

answer

lacking

question

messner & rosenfeld's research blamed crime

answer

on inconsistencies in American ream

question

they developed contemporary version of mertons th

answer

based on concept of: relative deprivation: economic & social gap that exists between rich & poor who live in close proximity

question

Robert agnew reformulated strain th into comprehensiice perspective referred 2 as

answer

general strain th

question

general strain theory view crime as coping mechanism

answer

enabling hose who enagage in it 2 deal w/socio-emotional probs generated by negative social relations

question

strain refers 2 events & conditons that r

answer

disliked by individuals

question

strains increase likelihood of particular

answer

crimes primarily through their impact on range of negative emotional states

question

crime can b reduced by reducing individuals exposure 2 strains

answer

that r conductive 2 crime & reducing their likelihood of responding 2 strains w/crime

question

suggests crime results from clash of values between differently socialized groups over

answer

whats acceptable/proper behavior

question

Thorsten sellin concluded that conduct

answer

norms r acquired early in life through childhood socialization

question

Sellin saw clash of norms

answer

.....between differently /

question

sellin described 2 types of culture conflict

answer

primary conflict:occurs when theres fundamental clash of culutres secoundary conflict: orccurs when smaller culutres w/in primary culture clash

question

subcultural th empahzies

answer

contribution 2 crime made by variously socialized cultural groups w/in primary culture

question

subcultural defined as collection of values & preferences that r communicated

answer

2 participants through process of socialization

question

these subcultural groups ascribe key values which encourage

answer

delinquent behavior

question

walter b millers research pointed 2 existence of lower-class sub-culture w/own values,

answer

behaviors, & attitudes cuz milers work was based on study of back inner-city deliquents in boston it may not generalize well 2 other places, groups/time periods

question

ferracuti & wolfgnag posed:

answer

violence is learned form of adaptation 2 problematic life circumstances learning 2 b violent takes place w/in context of subculture emohasizing violence over other forms of adaptation groupds value system constitiuies subculture of violence

cr th – Flashcard

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards