question

Reformation

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- Catholic authority was challenged when reformer's placed emphasis on the individual's ability to read and interpret scripture on their own. - factors that caused the reformation: Printing (Gutenberg Bible) and Church corruption (wealth, indulgences)

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Martin Luther

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(1483-1546) - leader in the Protestant Reformation - fought against Indulgences in Germany - wrote 95 Theses - Translated the Bible into German - denounced as a heretic at the Diet at Worms

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Teresa of Avila

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- Catholic Saint and mystic. (Counter-reformation) Author of The Book of Her Life. She believed that God led her to create a monastery. She went through her priest to get approval. She also had a vision where she went to Hell.

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Renaissance Humanism

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- system of education rather than philosophy - discovery of the "pastness of the past" - development of textual scholarship

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Sola fide

answer

By faith alone

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Sola Scriptura

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By scripture alone

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Sola gratia

answer

By grace alone

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Michel de Montaigne

answer

- 1533-1592 - Latin was his native tongue - invented a new literary genre (essay) - constantly editing his papers - never addresses a topic head on, circles around it

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essay

answer

- "essai" to try or attempt - often used a commonplace book

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commonplace book

answer

collection of quotes from important texts copied down, generally arranged by topic (like a journal)

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melancholy

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one of the four temperaments associated with one of the four humors (black bile or gall). Sadness; mourning over how to attain Salvation?

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philosophical skepticism

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belief that human beings are unable to determine truth on their own

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"Of the Inconsistency of Our Actions"

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an essay that discusses the varied nature of human action. We act on our whims according to our circumstances.

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"Of Cannibals"

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a commentary on the "savages" of the new world. Montaigne challenges the idea of barbarism and highlights the hypocrisy of Europeans.

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"Of Coaches"

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" - commentary on ostentatiousness and cruelty - main points: extravagance of rulers, the kings of the new world, knowledge is weak. - praises the Ancients (humanism)

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the "new world"

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The Americas

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William Shakespeare

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- born in 1564 in Stratford on Avon - Middle Class but had a Humanist education - in London he became an actor and playwright of a prominent theater company - wrote sonnets and narrative poems as well as plays

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Lord Chamberlain's Men and King's Men

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- Shakespeare's company changed it's name when James the I patronized them

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Elizabeth I

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- succeeded Henry VIII (after two previous rulers) - the "Elizabethan settlement" - Church became Protestant, but a "high church" closer to Catholicism - defeat of the Spanish Armada (attacked because Elizabeth was a Protestant ruler)

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Henry VIIII

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(1509-1547) - Defender of the Faith (1522) - broke from Rome due primarily to his desire to divorce his first wife - Supreme Head of the Church of England (1531)

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"Hamlet"

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- story taken from Norse mythology as well as a previous play called Ur-Hamlet - most famous play in the English speaking world - major theme is regicide - riddled with skepticism - emphasis on performance

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blank verse

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unrhymed iambic pentameter (5 sets of stressed and unstressed)

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soliloquy

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long monologue, provides connection between audience and actor

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Claudius

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- King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle, murdered Hamlet's father. the play's antagonist.

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Hamlet

answer

Prince of Denmark, melancholy, cynical, but slow to act. The protagonist of the play

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Polonius

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- Father of Laertes and Ophelia. Lord Chamberlain of Claudius's court. Conniving.

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Ghost

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spirit of Hamlet's deceased father King Hamlet. Calls upon Hamlet to avenge his death.

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Laertes

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son of Polonius, brother of Ophelia. Passionate and quick to act, the antithesis to Hamlet.

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Ophelia

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daughter of Claudius, sister of Laertes, love interest of Hamlet. Sweet and innocent until she is led to madness following her father's death. Her own death is shrouded in controversy.

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Gertrude

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Hamlet's mother, marries Claudius after her husband's death.

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Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

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- courtiers, friends of Hamlet's from Wittenburg where they all went to school. Claudius and Gertrude ask them to keep an eye on Hamlet.

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Fortinbras

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Prince of Norway who plans to attack Denmark to avenge his father's death.

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Horatio

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Hamlet's close friend. Basically the only character who doesn't die. Lives on to tell Hamlet's story.

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Clown (grave digger)

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digs Ophelia's grave. Provides comic relief. His part is written in prose.

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Yorick

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the skull the grave digger finds. Hamlet identifies him as a former court jester.

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Tragedy

answer

Aristocratic, elevated language and themes, unity of tone and style (Shakespearean tragedies generally have comical aspects)

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Confucianism

answer

- humans are inherently good and ultimately perfectible - concerned with maintaining the well-oiled machine of society - ren/benevolence

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ren

answer

benevolence, especially in regard to relationships (filial piety - duty of son to father, etc.)

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Buddhism

answer

- the middle path - escape from the wheel of karma - attachment is the cause of suffering - most influential religion throughout Asia

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middle path

answer

- eschew extremes of asceticism and pleasure, find a centered view

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samsara

answer

the wheel of karma

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karma

answer

what goes around comes around

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Hinduism

answer

caste system, believe you can be reborn

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asceticism

answer

living simply and strictly, avoiding pleasure

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Edo Japan

answer

- Civil war ends with the triumph of Tokugawa clan - policy of national seclusion - rise of the middle, mercantile class - social structure: samurai, farmer, artisan, and merchant

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Shintoism

answer

native Japanese religion: states of purity and pollution

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Syncretism

answer

coexistence of several religions (i.e. Buddhism and Shintoism)

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Noh drama

answer

- Late Medieval Japan - court patronage of the arts - masks, all male performers - short text, long performance - fusion of music, dance, costume, and language - movement is very important, art of walking

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Chorus

answer

unmasked, tells the story

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Zeami

answer

wrote Atsumori, highly stylized, not meant to be realistic plot summary of Atsumori: Monk Rensho killed aTsumori in the Genpei wars, but felt so badly that he denounced the world, changed his name and became a monk. He returns to the battlefield, finds some grasscutters, tells them his story, only later to find out that the youth that he met was Atsumori's spirit in disguise. Atsumori then reenacts his story and leaves, asking Rensho to pray for his soul.

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song style

answer

expresses emotion

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speech style

answer

moves the plot along

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Monk Rensho

answer

samurai turned Buddhist monk after killing Atsumori

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Youth

answer

the grasscutter (Atsumori's spirit disguised)

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Atsumori

answer

the young warrior who was killed

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Kyogen

answer

intermission between Noh acts, comical

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Chikamatsu

answer

the "Japanese Shakespeare, famous for his appeals to the common class, wrote The Love Suicides of Amijima

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bunraku

answer

- popular entertainment - fusion of media (chanting, music, puppetry)

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giri - ninjo

answer

conflict between obligations and duty with passion and love. Often a major theme in bunraku drama.

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Love Suicides at Amijima

answer

major theme of honor

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Jihei

answer

protagonist of the play. a paper merchant, married to Osan but loves Koharu

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Magoemon

answer

Jihei's brother, disguises himself as a samurai and visits Koharu

question

Tahei

answer

a villager, nicknamed "The Lone Wolf", tries to buy Koharu to be his wife.

question

Koharu

answer

- a prostitute that falls in love with Jihei

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Osan

answer

wife of Jihei. Asks Koharu to break her ties with Jihei

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Ming Dynasty

answer

- (1368-1644) last native Chinese dynasty

question

Qing Dynasty

answer

Manchurians invade China from the North and establish the Qing dynasty. (Both dynasties are acknowledged at the beginning of Peach Blossom Fan)

question

Southern Drama

answer

- very long plays (30-50 acts) performed over several days - combines speaking and singing

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Kong Shangren

answer

(1648-1718) - playwright of Peach Blossom Fan - court official - descendant of Confucius (honored and taught Confucian beliefs )

question

"Peach Blossom Fan"

answer

plot summary: Li Zhenli and Hou Fangyu (a influential Restoration leader) fall in love. They are seperated and Hou Fangyu sends Li Zhenli a fan with poetry on it to remember him by. Ruan Dacheng (leader of the opposing party) sent Hou Fangyu enough money to marry Li Zhenli, but when they discover who sent it, they refuse it. When Ruan Dacheng gains power in the political turn-over, he tries to get Li Zhenli and Hou Fangyu to marry other people, but Hou Fangyu runs away and Li Zhenli disfigures her face, getting blood on the fan. a friend, Yang Wencong paints the splattered blood into a peach blossom tree. Eventually when the two lovers see each other again, they convert to Taoism and go their separate ways.

question

Li Zhenli

answer

proprietress of a house of pleasure, foster mother to Li Xiangjun

question

Yang Wencong

answer

friend, poet, and painter (paints the peach blossom tree on the fan)

question

Hou Fangyu

answer

- influential part of the political resistance, falls in love with the prostitute Li Xiangjun

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Xiangjun

answer

the prostitute that Hou Fangyu falls in love with

question

Zhang Wei

answer

man that converts Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu to Taoism

question

Counter-Reformation

answer

- response to the Protestant Reformation in Spain. A revival or return to Catholicism.

question

Charles V

answer

King of Spain and Holy Roman Emporer

question

Golden Age of Spanish Literature

answer

late 16th and 17th centuries. Produced a remarkable flourishing of art and literature.

question

New Christians

answer

moors who converted (moriscos) or Jews who converted (conversos)

question

Old Christians

answer

worried about the genuity of new christians' beliefs.

question

limpieza de sangre or purity of blood

answer

government agency that enforced the Spanish Inquisition

question

Battle of Lepanto

answer

- Ottoman Turks had been threatening Europe for a century - 1571 Christian forces led by Spain crushed the Turkish fleet in the Bay of Lepanto.

question

Cervantes

answer

- born into a hidalgo family that was very poor in 1547 - Humanist education, eventually joined the army, fought in Lepanto, captured and imprisoned in Algiers for five years - returned to Spain in 1580, life marked by a series of failures. He tried writing in almost every genre - finally found success with his publication of Don Quixote

question

hidalgo

answer

minor nobility that generally don't have a lot of money and can't get a job (Don Quixote)

question

"Don Quixote"

answer

- first modern novel. - published in 2 parts - ties to chivalric romance, picaresque narrative, etc.

question

Don Quixote

answer

insane man from a hidalgo family. Tries to become a knight-errant. He reads a lot of chivalric romances and goes crazy.

question

Sancho Panza

answer

peasant who Don Quixote takes as his squire

question

Dulcinea del Toboso

answer

- Don Quixote's ladylove. A peasant woman who never physically appears in the novel. (real name: Aldonza Lorenzo)

question

Rocinante

answer

- Don Quixote's horse

question

Curate

answer

or priest, disapproves of fictional books, but can't throw away chivalric romances.

question

Barber

answer

Don Quixote's friend, recognizes his madness, helps the curate with his plan.

question

Cid Hamete Benengeli

answer

fictional writer of Moorish descent who wrote the manuscripts Don Quixote is based off of.

question

Marcela

answer

the beautiful young orphan who dresses as a shepherdess

question

Grisostomo

answer

the man who dies(kills himself) of a broken heart after being spurned by Marcela

question

Gines de Pasamonte

answer

the criminal that Don Quixote frees trying to be a good knight errant and who wrote a book

question

perspectivism

answer

we interpret what we see based off our experiences and what we believe is true.

question

Sanson Carrasco

answer

bachelor from Don Quixote's village, challenges Don Quixote in battle twice, first to mock, second for revenge. He is trying to cure Don Quixote.

question

Knight of the Mirrors

answer

challenges Don Quixote to a battle, loses. He is the bachelor.

question

Knight of the White Moon

answer

challenges Don Quixote to battle and wins, forcing Don Quixote to give up being a knight errant for a year and a half. He is also the bachelor.

question

chivalric romance

answer

book of stories based on knights and the adventures.

question

novel

answer

- fictional - long prose narrative - entertainment - emphasis on characters

question

Basho

answer

- born into an impoverished samurai family - placed in noble household and began to compose poetry

question

Narrow Journey to the Deep North

answer

Basho follows a historical trail in Japan and writes poems as he goes. 5 month journey. Basho travels in imitation of Saigyo.

question

haiku

answer

syllables, 5 type of poetry that Basho writes. arranged over three lines of 5 syllables, 7 syllables

question

linked verse

answer

renga

question

season word

answer

in haiku it's the word that indicates the season like "snow" for winter

question

Saigyo

answer

a poet/ monk, Basho's inspiration.

question

Sora

answer

student/disciple of Basho who accompanied him on his journey

question

mitate

answer

poetic juxtaposition

question

utamakura

answer

- rhetorical device in Japanese poetry similar to allusion. Especially used for historical or spiritual sites such as the cultural sites and shrines Basho visits on his journey.

question

Enlightenment

answer

- truth previously determined by authority (church), after the enlightenment gained truth based on their own understanding. - major themes of the Enlightenment: reason, nature, progress, universality, all men are rational

question

Nature

answer

- shift from the medieval view of nature (teleological, explained qualitatively) to a new idea of nature that questions and describes quantitatively.

question

Immanuel Kant

answer

- wrote "What is Enlightenment" - "Have the courage to make use of your own understanding is the motto of the Enlightenment"

question

Alexander Pope

answer

- involved in frequent and bitter political disputes - greatest success was his translation of Homer's Iliad. - one of the first professional writers - many of his writings were satirical, the most famous of which is the mock-epic poem The Rape of the Lock - applied Enlightenment ideals in his poetry - tried to revise classicalism

question

"Essay on Man"

answer

- written by Pope - assumptions of the nature of man - hierarchal: great chain of being (god, angels, man, animals, insects, plants, matter) - addresses the problem of evil: whatever is, is right

question

Optimism

answer

- philosophical. does not equate to a "sunny disposition" - akin to Pope's Essay on Man "Whatever is, is right"

question

Leibniz

answer

- philosopher that founded the philosophy of optimism. - "theodicy" answer to the problem of evil - everything has a cause and effect, they are all linked together

question

Voltaire

answer

- born Francois Marie Arouet : Voltaire was his pen name - prolific writer who wrote in many genres - over 100 volumes of his collective works

question

Scientific Revolution

answer

...

question

"Candide"

answer

...

question

Pangloss

answer

Candide's tutor. A philosopher, he portrays the philosophy of optimism.

question

Candide

answer

protagonist, hopelessly naive.

question

Cunegonde

answer

daughter of a baron. Very beautiful. Candide falls in love with her.

question

Old Woman

answer

daughter of a Pope. Lived a terrible life

question

Romanticism

answer

- concerned with the unique Individual - view of nature, awe-inspiring and terrifying, mystical, untamed (sublime) - reaction against the Enlightenment (overvalue rationality) - imagination and emotion rather than reason - organic sensibility/ universal genius - does not follow rules

question

Lyric Poetry

answer

- Greeks originally distinguished between lyric and choric poetry - lyric: poetic expression of emotion by one speaker - brief subjective poem, imagination, melody, emotion, single unified impression

question

Ode

answer

- a poem in which a person expresses deep emotion of love and respect for someone or something

question

Sonnet

answer

14 lines, very structured

question

William Wordsworth

answer

- best known English Romantic Poet - fellow poet Coelridge and Wordsworth publish Lyrical Ballads

question

Preface to Lyrical Ballads

answer

- explains the theory of poetry - "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

question

"The World is Too Much With Us"

answer

- world is materialism - industrial nation altered perception of nature

question

"Ode on Intimations of Immortality"

answer

"-children have a sense of the divine. Nature brings us closer.

question

William Blake

answer

- prolific poet and artist - made a living engraving books - illustrated his own works - disliked neoclassicism and Enlightenment ideals - deeply religious but disliked organized religion because of corruption

question

"Songs of Innocence and Experience"

answer

- written by Blake - shows the contrary states of the human soul

question

Giacomo Leopardi

answer

- lived in papal States (part of fragmented Italy) - rough childhood and adult life - huge pessimist (The world is mud) - beauty gives him hope

question

"The Infinite"

answer

Doesn't have an overt rhyme, and is sublime in its mix of terror and awe.

question

"To Himself"

answer

Opposite of Wordsworth's 'faith that sees through death,' here death is "emptiness." It was written after a woman rejected him.

question

"To Sylvia"

answer

To the woman that died young that he loved. Depressed believes that life is miserable and only leads to death.

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