Comp I Intro – Flashcards
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alternating method, comparison and contrast
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method of writing a comparison/contrast essay which compares the items one point at a time; the topic sentence focuses on the point being used as the basis of comparison rather than the item
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allusion
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a reference to a historical person or event or to a literary work or figure that is well-known enough to be recognized by a well-read person
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anecdote
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a short account of an interesting or humorous event
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argumentation
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writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing
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audience
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one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
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block method, comparison and contrast
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comparison/contrast essay-writing method in which you describe all the similarities in the first body paragraph and then all the differences in the second body paragraph
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body paragraph
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paragraphs that develop the thesis statement of a composition
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brainstorm
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a group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc., by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion
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cause-effect
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a pattern of organization that arranges elements of an argument in a "because this happened, this resulted" sequence.
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chronological order
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the order in which events happen in time
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classification and division
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sorting materials or ideas into major categories
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comma splice
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a punctuation error that occurs when independent clauses are joined only by a comma and no coordinating conjunction, or when a comma is used instead of a semicolon between two independent clauses
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comparison and contrast
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a method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things
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complex sentence
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a sentence which includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
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compound sentence
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a sentence formed with two independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb
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compound-complex sentence
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a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and one or more depended clauses
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conclusion
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the ending or last paragraph in a written work
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connotation
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implied meaning rather than literal meaning
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contributory cause
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one of several things that make something happen
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deduction
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a form of logical reasoning that runs from "general" to "specific"; generalizations are established, then a specific truth is brought out or "deduced" from what was established
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definition
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a method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning
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denotation
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literal meaning of a word as defined
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dependent clause
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a group of words with a subject/verb combination that cannot stand alone as a sentence but depends on an independent clause for its meaning
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emphatic method
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method of writing in which you organize your paper in the order of how strong your examples are (placing emphasis on certain information over other pieces of information based upon importance)
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euphemism
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a polite or vague word or phrase used to replace another word or phrase that is thought of as too direct or rude
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exemplification
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a rhetorical strategy that is the fundamental way a writer can illustrate, support, and clarify ideas that include referring to a sample, detail, person or typical event
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extended metaphor
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a figure of speech that compares two essentially unlike things at some length and in several ways
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figures of speech
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expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations
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five senses
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imagery descriptions of sounds, sights, smells, feelings, tastes
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free modifiers
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phrases or clauses that are at the end of sentences and are easily moved from the end of the sentences to the middle or beginning of them while retaining the meaning of the sentence
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hyperbole
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a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor
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independent clause
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a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought; a sentence
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induction
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a form or reasoning which works from a body of facts to the formulation of a generalization; frequently used in science and history
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invention
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stage of writing in which a writer explores the writing assignment; art of finding information, selecting a topic, locating examples, stats, and supporting material
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metaphor
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a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literaly applicable in order to suggest resemblance
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narration
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a mode of discourse in which the writer tells a story or narrates an event or series of events
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objectivity
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an impersonal presentation of events and characters; a writer's attempt to remove himself or herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story
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personification
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a kind of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics
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possessive case
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inflected form of nouns and pronouns, usually indicating ownership
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process
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A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something. Process analysis writing can take one of two forms: (1) it can provide information about how something works (informative) or (2) it can explain how to do something (directive).
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pronoun agreement
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pronoun must match the antecedent by being singular or plural
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necessary cause
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a factor that must be present for something to occur and in the absence of which it has never occurred
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run-on sentence
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made up of two or more sentences that are incorrectly run together as a single sentence
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simile
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a comparison of two unlike things in which a word of comparison (like or as) is used (e.g., "she eats like a bird")
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simple sentence
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a sentence containing a subject and a predicate; a single independent clause
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spatial arrangement
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pattern of organization which arranges information according to how things fit together in physical space
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pre-writing first draft editing second draft proofing final draft
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steps to take in the process of writing
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introduction thesis body conclusion connect with transitions
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structure of an essay
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subjectivity
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a personal presentation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions
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sufficient cause
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a factor that, when present, always assures that a particular result will follow
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thesis
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focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based
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topic sentence
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expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs
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transitions
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any word or phrase (group of words) used to move from one idea to the next, one sentence to the next, or one paragraph to the next
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understatement
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a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration
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verb tense
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whether a verb is past, present, or future tense
