COM 240 - Flashcard | StudyHippo.com

Q: Agreement reality

Those things we \"know\" as part and parcel of the culture we share with those around us

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Quantitative data

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Numerical

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Qualitative data

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Not numerical

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Agreement reality

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Those things we "know" as part and parcel of the culture we share with those around us

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Repeating an experiment to expose or reduce error

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replicaiton

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theory

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a systematic explanation of life

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a variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another

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dependent variable

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example of tradition

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Santa Clause

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example of ordinary human inquiry

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predicting our likelihood of swimming a mile

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4 ways of knowing

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1. Ordinary human inquiry 2. Tradition 3. Research 4. Authority

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Research

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Systematic investigation of a problem involving gathering evidence to make inferences

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two types of explanation

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1. Idiographic 2. Nomothetic

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3 purposes for social research

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1. exploring 2. describing 3. explaining social phenomena

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variable

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logical set of attributes (sex)

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attribute

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a characteristic (such as male or female)

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Variable/attribute example

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Sex is a variable made of the attributes male and female

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epistemology

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the science of knowing

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methodology

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the science of finding out

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tolerance of ambiguity

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the ability to hold conflicting ideas in your mind simultaneously, without denying or dismissing any of them

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induction

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the logical model which general principles are developed from specific observations

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deduction

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the logical model in which specific expectation of hypothesis are developed on the basis of general principles

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independent variable

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a variable with values that are not problematical in an analysis but are taken as simply as given *determines dependent variable

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idiographic

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an approach to an explanation in which we seek to exhaust the idiosyncratic causes of a particular condition or event

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nomothetic

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an approach to explanation in which we seek to identify a few causal factors that generally impact a class of conditions or events

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errors in inquiry

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-inaccurate observations -overgeneralization -illogical reasoning -selective observation

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inaccurate observations

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a mistake in an observation

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how to solve inaccurate observations

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a more deliberate observation can reduce error

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overgeneralization

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when we look for patterns among the specific things we observe around us, we often assume that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern

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how to solve overgeneralization

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-seeking large sample of observations -replication of study

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illogical reasoning

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the exception that proves the rule ex. if a women does something outside the stereotype of a women, the women stereotype is not proven wrong, rather that it is still true other than the one exception

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how to solve illogical reasoning

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systems of logic used consciously and explicitly

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selective observation

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noticing a pattern exists, and only noticing things that fit the pattern, not the ones that do not fit the pattern

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how to solve selective observation

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finding deviant cases

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research examples

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creative destruction, self-fulfilling prophecy, identify crisis, role model

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example of authority

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Galeao earth goes around the sun, HIV/AIDS

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Authority

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-Based on expertise -Dependence on experts to tell us about what is real or what is not real

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Tradition

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somethings "we just know" are bad or wrong -forms culture -can leave incomplete answers

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human inquiry

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we learn many things through experience or second-hand knowledge

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macrotheory

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a theory aimed at understanding the "big picture of institutions, whole societies, and the interaction among societies

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microtheory

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a theory aimed at understanding social life at the level of individuals and their interactions

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critical realism

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a paradigm that holds that things are real insofar as they produce effects

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hypothesis

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a specified tastable expectation about empirical reality that follows from a more general proposition; more generally, an expectation about the nature of things derived from a theory

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operationalization

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one step beyond conceptualization...the process of developing operational definition, or specifying the exact operations involved in measuring a variable

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operational definition

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the concrete and specific definition of something in terms of the operations by which observations are to be categorized

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null hypothesis

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in connection with hypothesis testing and tests of statistical significance, that hypothesis that suggest there is no relationship among the variables under study

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Probabilistic

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"X tends to be Y"

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Deterministic

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"X is y"

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paradigm

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a model or framework for observation and understanding, which shapes both what we see and how we understand it

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interest convergence

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the thesis that majority group members will only support the interests of minorities when those actions also support the interests of the majority group

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example of microtheory

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the struggle among economic classes, international relations, interrelations among major institutions in society

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example of macrotheory

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dating behavior, jury deliberations, student-faculty interactions

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mesotheory

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intermediate level between macro and micro theory ex. studying organizations, communities, and social categories

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conflict paradigm

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The truth behind human behavior is hidden with struggles based on class, gender, ethnicity, etc.

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symbolic interactionism

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The truth about humans can be revealed by looking at the common understanding that arises through language and social interaction.

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ethnomethodology

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Every detail of our actions and interactions contributes to new expectations for future events; reality is only tentative.

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structural functionalism

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Understanding humans requires an appreciation of how all the different parts of society fit together to create a whole.

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constructing deductive theory step 1

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Specify the topic

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constructing deductive theory step 2

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Specify the range of phenomena your theory addresses

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constructing deductive theory step 3

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Identify and specify your major concepts and variables

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constructing deductive theory step 4

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Find out what is known about the relationships among those variables

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step 5

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Reason logically from those propositions to the specific topic you're examining

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Feminist paradigms

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Men and women perceive and understand the world differently, requiring a shift to account for these differences

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critical race theory

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People of different ethnic and racial backgrounds perceive and understand the world differently, which means we need to incorporate their viewpoints into how we understand reality

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rational objectivity

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Given the subjective experiences of humans and how different they can be, we can nonetheless study social reality through empirical means

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age

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Professor Rodgers found that the average level of happiness reported by people under 65 years of age declined from 1957 to 1970. However, for this same group, the average level of happiness increased slightly from 1970 to 1978. Rodgers also found that the average level of happiness reported by people age 65 and older increased from 1957 to 1978. A variable in this study is:

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the error of selective observation

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Assume that Professor Rodgers from the previous question had studied only three people aged 65 or older. Suppose he concluded that the average level of happiness increased for people aged 65 and older. Rodgers would be committing:

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direct experience, tradition, direct/personal inquiry, authority

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Our attempts to learn about the world we live in come from:

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what is

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Social scientific theory addresses

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Why Mr. Smith quit his job

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Which of the following would a sociologist be LEAST likely to study

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x tends to be y

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A probabilistic explanation takes the form

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illogical reasoning

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One of your friends scored in the 90s on her last ten exams. Although she has been studying for this exam and feels prepared, she told you, "I know I'm going to flunk this exam. I've been doing too well on exams." Your friend is committing the error of

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recursive

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A form of human interference in which what we learn about society can change reality so what we learned is not true is known as being

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race

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A study reported in American Sociological Review (1994) was entitled "Race Differences in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women." The dependent variable was probably

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Judging social values

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Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science

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idiographic

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Interviewing an exceptionally talented and noteworthy athlete about his physical training regimen is what kind of research

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nomothetic and probabilistic

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After examining divorce court records, Jenny concludes that Moms are more likely than Dads to obtain custody of their children. This type of statement is

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takes special precaution to avoid error

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In comparison to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry:

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variable influencing other variables

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An independent variable is a

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When serving as jurors, women tend to vote for acquittal.

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Which of the following is(are) a probabilistic statement(s)?

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Occupation, political party preference, birthrate

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Which of the following is most likely to be a list of variables?

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tolerance for ambiguity

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The ability to have two different, conflicting ideas in one's mind simultaneously without denying or dismissing either of them is known as:

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idiographic

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Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have her baby. Her parents were upset with her decision and threatened to "cut her off" if she did not complete high school. A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in Tammy's dropping out of school. After the baby was born her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16 Tammy was on her own and without any money or job market skills. She began to work as a prostitute. This explanation of Tammy's prostitution is:

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deductive reasoning

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Steve had a hunch that female students were more punctual than males in the classes that he taught. So, he began to keep track for a week in each class, how many male and female students came in after the class was scheduled to begin. His results supported his hypothesis. Steve is using:

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idiographic, nomothetic

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Qualitative explanations tend to be and quantitative explanations tend to be ___

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It enables us to seek a different understanding of what we all know to be true

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Which of the following is FALSE concerning the use of tradition in inquiry?

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authority

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Fred's biology teacher told him about the "birds and the bees." By relying on his biology teacher's explanation, Fred relies on ______ as a way of knowing

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attributes

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Female, ages 18-25, brown hair, and teacher are examples of:

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determinism versus agency

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The dichotomy of scientific research in which we exert our free will or are the product of our environment is the duality of:

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False

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T/F: If an exception is found to a sociological pattern, the pattern is invalid.

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False

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T/F: Theory that is logically inconsistent is acceptable as long as it is empirically accurate.

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True

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T/F: Patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature.

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False

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T/F: Idiographic explanations are inductive and nomothetic explanations are deductive.

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True

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T/F: The variable age has the attribute of 18 to 24.

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False

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T/F: A misuse of authority occurs when experts publicly discuss their area of expertise.

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True

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T/F: Social scientific theory aims at the determination of logical and persistent patterns of regularities in social life.

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True

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T/F: We can predict without understanding.

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False

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T/F: There is never a time that we should generalize

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False

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T/F: Every observation is quantitative at the outset.

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False

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T/F: If you do not do research, the study of social science research methods is of little use in your life.

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True

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T/F: The basis of knowledge is agreement.

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False

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T/F: The concept of free will is also known as determinism

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True

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T/F: Social regularities are probabilistic patterns

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False

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T/F: Nomothetic reasoning is more useful than idiographic reasoning.

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True

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T/F: While our subjectivity is individual, our search for objectivity is social.

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False

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T/F: The traditional model of science uses inductive logic.

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False

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T/F: Sophisticated positivists assume that humans will always act rationally.

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True

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T/F: Scientific inquiry is a process involving an alternation of deduction and induction.

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True

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T/F: The idea that knowledge is based on observations made through the five senses rather than on beliefs is called positivism.

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False

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T/F: In deduction we start from observed data and develop a generalization that explains the relationship between the observed concepts.

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False

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T/F: Social scientists generally believe that the succession from one paradigm to another represents progress from a false view to a true one.

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False

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T/F: The conflict paradigm is limited to economic analysis.

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False

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T/F: Feminist paradigms focus only on how inequities hurt women

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True

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T/F: All of our experiences are inescapably subjective

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True

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T/F: Theory is directly relevant to "why" questions

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False

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T/F: You must always have a fully developed theory before beginning observations

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False

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T/F: All quality social science research is tightly intertwined with social theory.

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True

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T/F: We always want to reject the null hypothesis when conducting research

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False

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T/F: Deliberately choosing a specific research paradigm in order to get specific results is totally acceptable.

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True

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T/F: Results of social science, rhetorical criticism and critical/cultural studies can be generalized to larger groups than the sample utilized in the study.

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True

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T/F: A hypothesis states relationships between dependent and independent variables.

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False

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T/F: Liberal feminists are concerned with protecting women from holding top positions in government or corporate organizations so they can devote more time to their families.

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False

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T/F: Rhetorical critics assume that pictures with expositional texts convey one, factual, obvious meaning to the audience.

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True

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T/F: Rhetorical artifacts can be analyzed through quantitative perspective.

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True

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T/F: Understanding rhetorical processes gives people practical knowledge to become better rhetors.

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False

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T/F: It is not common to use research questions in quantitative research.

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True

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T/F: The main assumption of rhetorical criticism is that differences in interpretation are often related to status and power.

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True

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T/F: Interpretive and critical researchers generally only have a vague idea of what they are looking for at the start of a research study.

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structural functionalism

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While doing research on crime, Professor Middler notes that crime creates jobs in law enforcement and related careers. He also notices that crime reinforces community norms when criminals are caught and punished. Professor Middler has probably adopted a _______ approach to the study of crime

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The relationships between government, family and the economy

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Which of the following topics would a macrotheorist be more likely to study than a microtheorist?

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that fertility plans are a function of (or are affected by) occupational plans and is an hypothesis

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In a study of women the following notation was used: Y = f(X) where Y represented fertility plans and X represented occupational plans. This states:

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Observations, pattern finding, and generalizations

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Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method?

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Symbolic interactionism

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Maureen is performing a study in which she interviews disabled military veterans about how they are adapting to being back home. She is focusing on questions about what it means to be perceived by others as both "disabled" and a "veteran." What paradigm is Maureen's work most likely shaped by?

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steps of science model

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Theoretical understanding, operationalization of concepts, a testable hypothesis, empirical observations

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positivism

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The idea that knowledge is based on observation made through one of the five senses rather than on belief alone is termed

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ethnomethodologists

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Walking with an open umbrella on a beautiful day or going home on semester break and calling your mom or dad Mr. or Mrs. (with their surname) are techniques used by ______ to understand social norms or rules.

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a paradigm

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Many cultures view the United States as a society committed to capitalism, an economic arrangement which they believe inevitably creates inequality. These views and feelings represent:

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The Frankfurt School in Germany

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The critical school to which Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Walter Benjamin belong is

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Rhetorical criticism and critical/cultural studies

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_____________ tend to be more detailed, time consuming, and limited to the group the researcher studied.

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Critical Cultural Communication

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According to the Ono article, CCC refers to

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What it means to be involved in rhetorical criticism

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To understand systematically how symbols are working and how they impact us

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four quantitative research report sections

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Literature review, method, results, discussion

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Communism

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This group is NOT included in the seven schools of thoughts in the rhetorical criticism of popular culture

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null hypothesis

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the opposite of a research hypothesis

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three main elements in model of science

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Theory, operationalization, observation

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