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Microevolution

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Evolutionary change below the species level through Mutation, selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. Example: Evolved Mosquito resistance to DDT

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Macroevolution

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Evolutionary change above the species level. Includes the origin of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation events and the impact of mass extinction on the diversity of life. Example: Wales from land dwelling animals, Dinosaurs to Birds

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Artificial Selection

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Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits Example: Dogs

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Homologous structures

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Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry but may have different function Example: Bat wing and human arm

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Analogous Structures

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Structures that are similar because of convergent evolution. Have the same function but different origins. Example: Insect wing and bat wing

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Vestigial Structures

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Feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors. Example: Wisdom Teeth, Coccyx

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Clade

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Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Example: Birds

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Taxonomy

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A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life using binomial nomenclature. Developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

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Taxonomic Ranks

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Ranking system developed by Carolus Linnaeus in which organisms are grouped similarly. Taxon Ranks in order from most inclusive to least inclusive: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Families, Genus, Species (Dirty kinky people can often find good sex)

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Systematics

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Scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationship.

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Gametophyte

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In alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

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Sporophyte

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In alternation of generations, multicellular diploid form that produces haploid spores by meiosis

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Zygote

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diploid cell produced by union of haploid gametes during fertilization. Fertilized egg

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Gametes

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haploid reproductive cells egg and sperm

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Gametangium

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Plant structure in which gametes are formed female = archegonia Male= antheridia

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Spore

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haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. (Fern)

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Sporangium

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multicellular organ in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop

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Archegonium

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female gametangium. Moist chamber in which female gametes develop

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Archegoniophore

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Stalk or other outgrowth on a prothallum upon which archegonia are born

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Antheridium

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the male gametangium. A moist chamber in which male gametes develop.

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Antheridiophore

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Gametophore bearing antheridia only

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Gemma Cup

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cup structure on mosses and iverwort used for asexual reproduction. Where Gemmae are born.

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Protonema

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Thin photosynthetic filament which develops after spore germination and soon gives rise to a mature gametophyte.

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thallus

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leaf-like lobed body found on thalloid liverworts.

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Homosporous

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Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte. Bryophytes

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Heterosporous

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Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: Microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes.

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Xylem

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Vascular plant tissue which conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant.

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phloem

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Conducts nutrients, such as sucrose, hormones and other molecules throughout the vascular plant.

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Cuticle

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waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves used for protection against desiccation in a vascular plant.

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Rhizome

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An underground stem that branches horizontally, producing aerial stems and underground roots.

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Rhizoid

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long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground.

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Sporophylls

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Reproductive sporangia - located on the surface of leaves.

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Frond

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Fern leaves

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Strobilus

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Cluster of sporophylls - cone shaped structure

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Microphylls

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in lycophytes, small leaf with single unbranched vein. scalelike leaves

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Fiddlehead

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young coiled fern leaves

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Prothallus

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heart shaped gametophyte of ferns and related plants

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Annulus

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A fuzzy region of the Sorus which catapults mature spores.

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Indusium

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Protects the sori in a fern.

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Sorus

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Cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll (distinct brown spots on the underside of a frond)

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Fern life cycle

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Vascular plant, gametophytes are hermaphorditic. Sprophyte is diploid and dominant part of the plant cycle.

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Moss life cycle

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Non-vascular plant, gametophyte is haploid, photsynthetic and dominant part of the plant life cycle.

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Spermatophyte

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Seed plant, made up of gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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Ovules

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structures of seed plants containing the female sex cells with the potential to develop into seeds

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Pollination

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Pollen is carried from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organ in a number of ways, including wind, insects, and birds.

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microsporophyll

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male plants produce pollen by leaf homologues. leaf-like structure that bears microsporangia

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megasporophyll

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female plants produce ovules by leaf homologues. Leaf-like structure that bears megasporangia

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microsporangium

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a sporangium that produce spores that give rise to male gametophytes

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megasporangium

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female sporangia - structure in which megaspores are formed

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microgametophyte

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male gametophyte that develops from microspores of heterosporous plant

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megagametophyte

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Embryo sac - the female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of heterosporous plant

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vascular cambium

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cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of the plant and undergoes secondary growth. (new xylem on the interior side and new phloem on the exterior side)

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springwood