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Shari'a

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Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran

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Sunnah

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(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran

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Sunni

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a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad

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Shia

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the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

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TaNaKh

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the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings

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Talmud

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the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism

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Christos

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Greek word for Messiah

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Orthodox

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of or pertaining to or characteristic of Judaism

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Catholic

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of or relating to or supporting Catholicism

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Ka'ba

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(\"cube\") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage

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Five Pillars of Islam

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Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

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Byzantium

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a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395

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caliph

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the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

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Umayyads

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A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus.

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Crusades

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a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

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Three Estates

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1. First Estate Clergy 1% of pop, 10% of land, 0% of taxes 2. Second estate Nobility 2% of pop, 20% of land, little taxes 3. Third estate Everyone else. All taxed, heavily.

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Traditional Christianity

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roman catholic, protestant, eastern orthodox

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The First Crusade

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the only crusade to successfully capture the Holy Land for a time, but crusaders killed many Muslims and Jews within Jerusalem. 1096-1099

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Manse

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the residence of a clergyman (especially a Presbyterian clergyman)

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Très Riches Heures

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A prayer book containing many illustrations depicting various aspects of life in the Middle Ages in Western Europe.

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Carnival

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a time of reveling and excess in Catholic and Mediterranean Europe-preceded Lent-few days in February or March in which a wild release of drinking, masquerading, and dancing reigned-like a different world

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The Calamitous Fourteenth Century

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Pretty much when everything bad happened. Black death, great schism, hundred years war.

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The Hundred Years' War

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war between France and England for the French throne that continued from 1337 to 1453, and introduced the use of new weapons

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Dance of Death

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A picture of naked, rotting corpses dancing before the living. This was depicted in the murals of the church of the holy innocents in Paris around 1485, and was a popular image in art and literature.

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scholasticism

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A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

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bourgeoisie

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the social class between the lower and upper classes

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Hanseatic League

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a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas

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Harsha Vardhana

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Ruled 606-647ad -Re-unified IG Plain and ruled for 41 years -had army of cavalry, infantry and war elephants a. 6 years to gain Gupta lands b. Does not gain Deccan Wars begin after death, unity lost

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Mahmud of Ghazna

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The son of the founder of Ghazna, who began ruling in 997, attacking many nearby Hindu kingdoms; he extended his rule to the entire upper Indus Valley and as south as the Indian Ocean by the time he died in 1030

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Sikhs

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Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism

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Angkor Wat

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a temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

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Emerald Buddha

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What famous Buddha is located in the Grand Palace?

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Tang Dynasty

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dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

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Song Dynasty

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(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

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Yuan Dynasty

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(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

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Mandarins

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Who: officials in Confucius style government. What: passed very difficult exams in order to hold leadership positions. They formed their own social class, called the Gentry. Many of them attended a university that had been built. Where: China, started in the state of Lu. When: 6th century BC on for 2000 years. Why: Led the Confucian government and were the only people, often, who could read and write.

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Neo-Confucian Synthesis

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During the 1100s, when it was the official state religion of China, Confucianism absorbed elements of Taoism and Buddhism in this synthesis. This version was hostile to commercial activity.

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Genghis Khan

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A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia.

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Khubilai Khan

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Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.

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Koguryo

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tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification

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Paekche

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Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.

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Silla

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Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.

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Koryo

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Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259

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Heian-kyo

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Now known as Kyoto, this was the capital of Japan from 784 to 1868. Built on a similar model to Nara, but incompletely. Much more of an economic center, built around water-based trade routes.

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Shogunates

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Shogunates are states controlled by individual shogans who dominated the 12th sentry of japan.

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Samurai

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feudal Japanese military aristocracy

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Shinto

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the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma

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Dai Viet

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A Southeast Asian kingdom that broke away from China in 939, they preserved their own cultural identity

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Li Dynasty

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founded tang dynasty;lasted 300 years;high point in prosperity, cultural sophistication and greatness

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Tran Dynasty

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Tran dynasty produced many great rulers, most notably Tran Thai Long (1225-1258). During his rule he divided the Dai Vet kingdom into 12 provinces, which were administered by scholar-officials. During his reign he and the other Tran rulers energetically pursued public works. Made many advances in irrigation, which led to better crop and prosperity for people.

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\"The Three Religions\"

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JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM

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Sahel

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a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as \"the shore of the desert\"

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Nubian Kingdoms

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A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for the development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron-working technology by 500 BC

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Ethiopian Highlands

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rugged mountainous region that covers parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia

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Swahili City-States

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established regional trade centers, where copper, gold, silver, lead, gum copal pottery, beads, and bronze came from Cambodia, China, Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Indian subcontinent

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Great Zimbabwe

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City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

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Ghana

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a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

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Berbers

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a member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt

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Mali

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Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

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Timbuktu

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City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388

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jali (griots)

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professional musicians, specialized training in kora and balophone, ideal singers were women

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Songhay

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successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

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Sosso

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the people that conquered Ghana but was then conquered by Songhai, ruled by Sumanguru

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Sumanguru

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King/Sorcerer who opposed Sundiata

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Mansa Musa

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this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa

College World History Terms

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