Cognitive Psychology Quizlet of Notes Exam 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
_____ _____ is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
answer
cognitive psychology.  
question
The _____ knew that the brain was the seat of reason
answer
Ancients
question
______ 400 BC said Brain CREATES the mind
answer
Hippocrates
question
______ 400 BC said Brain CREATES the mind
answer
Hippocrates
question
_____ dualism overshadowed Hippocrates, even though it was wrong
answer
Plato
question
____ Dualism: -mind= immaterial and immortal -brain= material and controlled basic functions
answer
Plato
question
______ dualism followed Plato dualism
answer
Descartes
question
correct view is... _____ _____ ____
answer
brain creates mind
question
Wundt believed in _______
answer
structuralism
question
______= understanding the mind by analyzing its parts -uses introspection
answer
Structuralism
question
Pavlov and Watson believed in ______
answer
Behaviorism
question
_____= only observable behavior should be studied -classical conditioning -operant conditioning *works good for lower animals
answer
behaviorism
question
_____ and others put cognition back at the center of the stage
answer
Chomsky
question
_____ ____ are the most accurate method of arriving at new info
answer
lab experiments
question
____ ____ are personal accounts of cognitive processes
answer
self reports
question
____ ____ look for manipulations that cant be introduced into labs
answer
case studies
question
The mind is what the ____ does
answer
brain
question
______ _____= integrating information from cognitive science, brain science, computer simulation, etc to create integrative models of mental processes
answer
cognitive neuroscience
question
_____= a cell specialized for transmitting information dendrites receive axons send
answer
neuron
question
______ allow the brain to interact with the rest of the body
answer
neurons
question
The _____ nervous system sends info to and carries out instructions from muscles and glands to the brain and spinal cord it does NOT process any information
answer
peripheral
question
the _____ ____ takes sensory information from the body to the brain *does some information processing but not much
answer
spinal cord
question
The ____ is the center of all higher level cognition
answer
brain
question
The complexity of the brain increases from ____ to ____
answer
back front
question
3 parts of the brain
answer
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
question
The hindbrain is made of -M_______ -P_______ -C_______
answer
Medulla Pons Cerebellum
question
_____= respiration and heartbeat
answer
Medulla
question
____= interbrain communication
answer
Pons
question
_____= gross motor movement
answer
cerebellum
question
The Midbrain is made of the -____ -________ involved with sleep/wake cycle
answer
Tectum Tegmentum
question
The Forebrain is made of -_____ _____ -_____ ______ -_______ -______
answer
cerebral cortex basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus
question
______ ______= the outer most layer of the brain involved with memory, attention, language, motor actions, vision, hearing
answer
cerebral cortex
question
_____ _____= motor actions, emotions, eye movement
answer
basal ganglia
question
_______= memory storage specifically autobiographical/episodic memory
answer
hippocampus
question
______= fear processing, emotional memory and processing good at storing negative memories
answer
amygdala
question
The brain is connected by the ____ _____
answer
corpus callosum
question
The corpus callosum is often cut for patients that have ____
answer
epilepsy
question
The Brains 4 Lobes are -F______ -P______ -O______ -T_____
answer
frontal parietal occipital temporal
question
_____ lobe= reasoning, memory formation, motor control
answer
frontal
question
_____ lobe= sensory & visuo-spatial processing
answer
parietal
question
_____ lobe= visual
answer
occipital
question
_____ lobe= auditory processing and long-term memory
answer
temporal
question
How do we Study the Brain? (7)
answer
Postmortem EEG CAT PET MRI fMRI DTI
question
_______ studies = observing changes in the brain after death to understand how lesions affect cognitive functions
answer
postmortem
question
_ _ _ = records electrical activity of the brain • can see seizures, sleep disorders, sleep • adv : high temporal resolution • dis: low spatial resolution
answer
EEG
question
_ _ _ = takes multiple x-rays from various angles and reconstructs an image of the brain regions
answer
CAT
question
_ _ _ = inject mildly radioactive isotope w/ glucose into the blood stream which is absorbed by brain cells depending upon the rate of metabolism
answer
PET
question
_ _ _ = creates a magnetic field around the brain and generates a computerized image of internal structures
answer
MRI
question
_ _ _ _ = it makes a magnetic field and generates an image showing the level brain of activity at any given point by looking at used amounts of oxygen at different brain regions as an index of activity adv! = Active !!!
answer
fMRI
question
_ _ _ = a technique that can be implemented in fMRI
answer
DTI
question
information processing requires incoming _____
answer
information
question
_______ = input from sense organs to the brain
answer
sensation
question
_______ = "to know" what the received information is
answer
perception
question
Why study vision (3)
answer
well understood most prominent basic processes of perception are common for all senses
question
RTTIP
answer
reception transduction transmission integration perception
question
______ = receiving physical energy form the external world
answer
reception
question
_____ = converting physical energy into neural signals
answer
transduction
question
_____ = transferring information to the brain
answer
transmission
question
______= processing by primary and association areas
answer
integration
question
the electromagnetic wavelengths we can see vary from
answer
400 750
question
Neural Mechanism: - light enters through the _____ - hits the _____ - projected on the _____ inverted
answer
cornea lens retina
question
rods are for ______ cones are for _____
answer
brightness color
question
Rods and cones convert light into _______ ____
answer
electrochemical energy
question
______ contains the most receptors, especially cones
answer
fovea
question
________ --> _______ cell --> _____ cell --> _ _ _
answer
photoreceptor bipolar ganglion PVC
question
Half of the optic nerve of each eye crosses over at the ____ ____
answer
optic chiasma
question
optic chiasma --> ____ ____ thalamus --> _ _ _
answer
lateral geniculate PVC
question
V1 --> V2 and ______ & _____ lobes for further processing
answer
temporal parietal
question
______ ______ ____ = color, motion, shape, depth
answer
parallel processing system
question
The dorsal "____" pathway
answer
where
question
the ventral "____" pathway
answer
what
question
the dorsal "where" pathway projects to the ____ cortex
answer
parietal
question
the ventral "what" pathway goes to the _____ ____
answer
temporal lobe
question
Evidence for the two pathways comes from conditions where these functions are uniquely _____
answer
damaged
question
_____ ____ = difficulty perceiving objects
answer
visual agnosia
question
______ = the inability to perceive motion
answer
akinetopsia
question
The two processes in perception are ___ ____ and ____ ___
answer
top down bottom up
question
top down and bottom up often work ______
answer
together
question
_____ ___ perception = sensory info about an object going to higher cortical regions
answer
bottom up
question
____ ___ perception = higher cortical regions make predictions about sensory input
answer
top down
question
Bottom-up theories presume that perception starts with info reaching the ____. It is data-driven!
answer
eye
question
Top-down theories assume that perception stars with higher level cognitive processes, existing knowledge and ______
answer
expectation
question
________ _______ Theory : (B-U) • sensory info is sufficient for visual recognition • all the necessary info is already present in environment • There is no inference/expectation
answer
Direct Perception
question
_______ Theory : (B-U) • we store patterns in our memory and recognize objects by matching the template
answer
Template
question
____ _____ Theory : (B-U) • match PARTS of an object to patterns in memory rather than entire object
answer
Feature Matching
question
Limitations of Bottom-Up Theories:
answer
speed partial
question
Top-Down Theories •Perception depends on - what we ____ (sensory data) - what we ____ ( memory ) - what we can ____ (using knowledge/intelligence)
answer
sense know infer
question
• Lack of sensory info = more _____ ____
answer
top down
question
• New/unexpected info = more _____ ___
answer
bottom up
question
______ ______ representation = objects are perceived the way it looks to the viewer
answer
viewer centered
question
_____ _____ representation = representing an object independent of its appearance
answer
object centered
question
______ _____ representation = referring to a known item to recognize the features of an object ex: guy next to Robert Wadlow
answer
landmark centered
question
________ principle = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
answer
Gestalt
question
_____ _____ perception (GL) = perceiving some aspects of an image (figure) makes others recede into the background (ground)
answer
figure ground
question
_______ (GL) = objects closer to each other are grouped together
answer
proximity
question
______ (GL) = similar objects are grouped together
answer
similarity
question
_____ (GL) = objects are perceived as complete/closed
answer
closure
question
______ (GL) = objects are perceived as continuous (not broken)
answer
continuity
question
______ (GL) = objects are grouped as symmetrical
answer
symmetry
question
_____ are less prone to perceptual illusions
answer
animals
question
Functions of Gestalt Laws • ______ which help organize info as a whole rather than fragmented parts • allows us to focus on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others
answer
heuristics
question
________ constancies = ability to perceive an object as the same even when the received sensation changes
answer
perceptual
question
the two constancies are _____ and _____
answer
size shape
question
_____ constancy = to perceive an object as the same size when it moves towards or away from the viewer
answer
size
question
_____ constancy = objects maintain shape despite changes in the retinal image
answer
shape
question
Recognizing faces is unique and involves specialized processes?
answer
TRUE
question
The two systems of facial recognition are • ______ _____ system
answer
feature analysis configurational
question
______ ______ system = identifying parts (nose, beard, eyebrows)
answer
feature analysis
question
________ system = recognizing the overall configuration (the face as a whole)
answer
configurational
question
The facial recognition uses configurational system and _____ _____ (temporal lobe)
answer
fusiform gyrus
question
the fusiform gyrus is also specialized for any _____ stimuli
answer
complex
question
________= the inability to recognize familiar faces
answer
prosophagnosia
question
Depth Perception
answer
2D
question
Monocular Cues: Closer objects... • appear ______ ( texture gradient )
answer
clearer larger
question
Monocular Cues:
answer
linear
question
Monocular Cues:
answer
motion parallax
question
Binocular cues work with both ____
answer
eyes
question
_________ ________ = each eye sends slightly different images to the brain (used in 3D videography)
answer
binocular disparity
question
_____ _____ = eye muscles turn inwards/outwards as the object moves closer/further away
answer
binocular convergence
question
_____ _____ = cant reach for objects
answer
optic ataxia
question
______ = Colorblindness. lack of cones in retina. can only see black and white
answer
achromacy
question
______ = active processing of information
answer
attention
question
attention is the ___ function assessed in clinical and research settings
answer
first
question
attetion IS a limited ______ unlike memory
answer
resource
question
Five components of attention
answer
signal detection vigilance search selective attention divided attention
question
______ _____ = detecting a stimulus of interest
answer
signal detection
question
______ = maintaining attention over a period of time
answer
vigilance
question
_____= searching for a specific stimulus
answer
search
question
______ ______ = choosing between competing stimulus
answer
selective attention
question
_____ _____ = attending to ; 1 events/activity
answer
divided attention
question
_____ ______ theory = how we identify important information among other, irrelevant info
answer
signal detection
question
signal = _____
answer
stimulus
question
Four possible outcomes of Signal Detection
answer
hits miss correct rejection false alarm
question
____ = detecting a signal (right!)
answer
hits
question
____ = fail to detect a signal (wrong)
answer
miss
question
____ ___ = not detecting an absent signal ( right)
answer
correct rejection
question
____ ____ = detecting an absent signal (wrong)
answer
false alarm
question
Signal Detection Theory • We can set our criteria for hits and errors, BUT
answer
-high hits /*> high false alarms */ - high correct rejection /*> higher misses
question
criteria for accuracy can be set ______ based on what is at stake
answer
arbitrarily
question
_______ = the ability to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time
answer
vigilance
question
Vigilance requires attention, but attention does not guarantee ______ !
answer
vigilance
question
Vigilance is important for these occupations
answer
air traffic controllers */ security personnel physicians
question
_____ = actively looking for a stimulus
answer
search
question
search is made difficult by non-target stimuli called _____
answer
distractors
question
_____ _____ and ______ pertains to stimuli which are already present
answer
signal detection vigilance
question
_____ _____ = concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others
answer
selective attention
question
_____ ____ ____ = hear your name at a party
answer
cocktail party effect
question
______ ______ _____ =
answer
dichotic listening task
question
The Unattended Ear processes - tone of _____ / voice to monotone - switch from __ to __ - mention of ones ____
answer
voice male female name
question
The unattended ear DOES NOT process - ______ info - change in _____ (Eng-Ger) - info played ____
answer
semantic language backwards
question
_______ model = • we filter out irrelevant info after the sensory state and focus on one aspect for higher processing
answer
Broadbent
question
_____ _____ model = • instead of blocking irrelevant stimuli, the filter only attenuates the stimulus. At some level even unattended info is perceptually process
answer
Treisman Attenuation
question
______ & _____ Late Selection Model= • selection occurs late, after perceptual and some conceptual processing
answer
Deutsch Deutsch
question
Current evidence suggests the filter is placed ___ than the point suggested by Deutsch & Deutsch BUT ____ than the Treisman model
answer
earlier later
question
All theories say that attention is a _____ _____ and has to be allocated between conflicting stimuli
answer
limited resource
question
______ suggested a synthesis of the early (Broadbent) and Late Selection ( D & D ) models
answer
Neisser
question
Neisser said that there were ____ different processes governing attention
answer
two
question
Neissers "Preattentive Processes" occur ____ in the phase and are fast. The Attentive Processes occur later and are ____
answer
early slow
question
_____ _____ = engaged in ; 1 task simultaneously. it generally takes its toll on both activities
answer
Divided Attention
question
Divided Attention can • _____ with practice • tasks can be _____ to consume fewer resources
answer
improved automatized
question
There are ___ theories of divided attention
answer
two
question
A. Attention is a single resourced divided between _____ tasks B. Attentional Resources are _____ specific
answer
multiple modality
question
Resource Theory for Complex Tasks • more automization= ____ ___
answer
less attention
question
The Four factors that affect attention ____ = soccer player misses longer wait ____= sleepy, tired, intoxicated ____ ____ = hard/new tasks require more ____= more skill/practice
answer
anxiety arousal task difficulty skills
question
____ ____ = the inability to see change in objects/scene (ex: jet engine pic)
answer
change blindness
question
_ _ _ _= characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
answer
ADHD
question
ADHD is diagnosed in _____ M:F: is _:_ deficits in prefrontal cortex, norepi, and dopamine
answer
children 3:1
question
60% of ADHD also have _____
answer
dyslexia
question
3 Types of ADHD -______ -______-_____ - combination of both
answer
inattentive hyperactive-impulsive
question
______ ADHD • easily distracted • failing to pay attention • careless mistakes • poor vigilance/sustained attention • forgetting/losing things • jumping between incomplete tasks
answer
inattentive
question
Inattentive ADHD is treated with _____ like ritalin
answer
stimulants
question
_____ _____ = • neurological condition • ignoring the visual field on the contralateral hemisphere of brain lesion • dress only one side (right often), eat half plate of food Not due to visual deficits
answer
Spatial Neglect
question
______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus
answer
habituation
question
_______ = paying attention to a habituated stimulus often due to change in its characteristics
answer
dishabituation
question
Uses of ______ • helps us to focus on what matters • used extensively in infant and toddler research • ADHD /*> decreased habituation
answer
habit
question
_______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus
answer
habituation
question
habituation is an _______ phenomenon
answer
attentional
question
______ ____ = the lessening of response to a stimulus, occurs at the level of the sense organs
answer
sensory adaptation
question
sensory adaptation is a ________ phenomena
answer
physiological
question
habituation does NOT depend on _____ ____
answer
stimulus intensity
question
habituation can be affected by previous _____
answer
experience
question
Habituation becomes easier with ____
answer
practice
question
we cant choose to ____/____ to a stimulus. Its automatic
answer
adapt/disadapt
question
In sensory adaptation, the ______ _____ matters
answer
stimulus intensity
question
the _______ of sensory neurons in sensory adaptation
answer
hyperpolarization
question
sensory adaptation is ______ to number of previous exposures
answer
unrelated
question
_______ processes */ • involve little conscious control • requires less attention and effort • several tasks can be performed simultaneously
answer
automatic
question
_____ processes • accessible to conscious control • require attention and effort • performed serially (one after the other)
answer
controlled
question
_______ = the mechanism by which controlled processes become automatic with practice
answer
automatization
question
____ is an automatized process
answer
reading
question
_____: the lack of automatization in reading
answer
dyslexia
question
automatization helps perform under ____
answer
stress
question
____= the presentation of one stimulus can affect the perception o f the second
answer
priming
question
priming can occur even in the absence of ____
answer
memory
question
______= knowing a word but not being able to retrieve it
answer
Tip of the Tongue
question
____= not consciously seeing but eyes still work • due to lesion in visual cortex
answer
blindsight
question
blindsight people cant consciously see but show evidence of ____
answer
knowing
question
blindsight people can blindly guess above ____ ___
answer
chance level
question
The ____ ____ is required for conscious visual processing
answer
visual cortex
question
residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
answer
visual processing
question
residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
answer
visual processing
question
residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
answer
visual processing
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New