Cognitive Psychology Quizlet of Notes Exam 1 – Flashcards
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_____ dualism overshadowed Hippocrates, even though it was wrong
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Plato
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____ Dualism: -mind= immaterial and immortal -brain= material and controlled basic functions
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Plato
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______ dualism followed Plato dualism
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Descartes
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correct view is... _____ _____ ____
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brain creates mind
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Wundt believed in _______
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structuralism
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______= understanding the mind by analyzing its parts -uses introspection
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Structuralism
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Pavlov and Watson believed in ______
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Behaviorism
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_____= only observable behavior should be studied -classical conditioning -operant conditioning *works good for lower animals
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behaviorism
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_____ and others put cognition back at the center of the stage
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Chomsky
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_____ ____ are the most accurate method of arriving at new info
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lab experiments
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____ ____ are personal accounts of cognitive processes
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self reports
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____ ____ look for manipulations that cant be introduced into labs
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case studies
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The mind is what the ____ does
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brain
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______ _____= integrating information from cognitive science, brain science, computer simulation, etc to create integrative models of mental processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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_____= a cell specialized for transmitting information dendrites receive axons send
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neuron
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______ allow the brain to interact with the rest of the body
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neurons
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The _____ nervous system sends info to and carries out instructions from muscles and glands to the brain and spinal cord it does NOT process any information
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peripheral
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the _____ ____ takes sensory information from the body to the brain *does some information processing but not much
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spinal cord
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The ____ is the center of all higher level cognition
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brain
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The complexity of the brain increases from ____ to ____
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back front
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3 parts of the brain
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forebrain midbrain hindbrain
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The hindbrain is made of -M_______ -P_______ -C_______
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Medulla Pons Cerebellum
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_____= respiration and heartbeat
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Medulla
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____= interbrain communication
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Pons
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_____= gross motor movement
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cerebellum
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The Midbrain is made of the -____ -________ involved with sleep/wake cycle
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Tectum Tegmentum
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The Forebrain is made of -_____ _____ -_____ ______ -_______ -______
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cerebral cortex basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus
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______ ______= the outer most layer of the brain involved with memory, attention, language, motor actions, vision, hearing
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cerebral cortex
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_____ _____= motor actions, emotions, eye movement
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basal ganglia
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_______= memory storage specifically autobiographical/episodic memory
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hippocampus
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______= fear processing, emotional memory and processing good at storing negative memories
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amygdala
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The brain is connected by the ____ _____
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corpus callosum
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The corpus callosum is often cut for patients that have ____
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epilepsy
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The Brains 4 Lobes are -F______ -P______ -O______ -T_____
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frontal parietal occipital temporal
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_____ lobe= reasoning, memory formation, motor control
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frontal
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_____ lobe= sensory & visuo-spatial processing
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parietal
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_____ lobe= visual
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occipital
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_____ lobe= auditory processing and long-term memory
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temporal
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How do we Study the Brain? (7)
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Postmortem EEG CAT PET MRI fMRI DTI
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_______ studies = observing changes in the brain after death to understand how lesions affect cognitive functions
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postmortem
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_ _ _ = records electrical activity of the brain • can see seizures, sleep disorders, sleep • adv : high temporal resolution • dis: low spatial resolution
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EEG
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_ _ _ = takes multiple x-rays from various angles and reconstructs an image of the brain regions
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CAT
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_ _ _ = inject mildly radioactive isotope w/ glucose into the blood stream which is absorbed by brain cells depending upon the rate of metabolism
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PET
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_ _ _ = creates a magnetic field around the brain and generates a computerized image of internal structures
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MRI
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_ _ _ _ = it makes a magnetic field and generates an image showing the level brain of activity at any given point by looking at used amounts of oxygen at different brain regions as an index of activity adv! = Active !!!
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fMRI
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_ _ _ = a technique that can be implemented in fMRI
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DTI
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information processing requires incoming _____
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information
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_______ = input from sense organs to the brain
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sensation
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_______ = "to know" what the received information is
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perception
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Why study vision (3)
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well understood most prominent basic processes of perception are common for all senses
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RTTIP
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reception transduction transmission integration perception
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______ = receiving physical energy form the external world
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reception
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_____ = converting physical energy into neural signals
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transduction
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_____ = transferring information to the brain
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transmission
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______= processing by primary and association areas
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integration
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the electromagnetic wavelengths we can see vary from
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400 750
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Neural Mechanism: - light enters through the _____ - hits the _____ - projected on the _____ inverted
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cornea lens retina
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rods are for ______ cones are for _____
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brightness color
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Rods and cones convert light into _______ ____
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electrochemical energy
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______ contains the most receptors, especially cones
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fovea
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________ --> _______ cell --> _____ cell --> _ _ _
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photoreceptor bipolar ganglion PVC
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Half of the optic nerve of each eye crosses over at the ____ ____
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optic chiasma
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optic chiasma --> ____ ____ thalamus --> _ _ _
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lateral geniculate PVC
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V1 --> V2 and ______ & _____ lobes for further processing
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temporal parietal
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______ ______ ____ = color, motion, shape, depth
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parallel processing system
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The dorsal "____" pathway
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where
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the ventral "____" pathway
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what
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the dorsal "where" pathway projects to the ____ cortex
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parietal
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the ventral "what" pathway goes to the _____ ____
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temporal lobe
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Evidence for the two pathways comes from conditions where these functions are uniquely _____
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damaged
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_____ ____ = difficulty perceiving objects
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visual agnosia
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______ = the inability to perceive motion
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akinetopsia
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The two processes in perception are ___ ____ and ____ ___
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top down bottom up
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top down and bottom up often work ______
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together
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_____ ___ perception = sensory info about an object going to higher cortical regions
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bottom up
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____ ___ perception = higher cortical regions make predictions about sensory input
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top down
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Bottom-up theories presume that perception starts with info reaching the ____. It is data-driven!
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eye
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Top-down theories assume that perception stars with higher level cognitive processes, existing knowledge and ______
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expectation
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________ _______ Theory : (B-U) • sensory info is sufficient for visual recognition • all the necessary info is already present in environment • There is no inference/expectation
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Direct Perception
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_______ Theory : (B-U) • we store patterns in our memory and recognize objects by matching the template
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Template
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____ _____ Theory : (B-U) • match PARTS of an object to patterns in memory rather than entire object
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Feature Matching
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Limitations of Bottom-Up Theories:
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speed partial
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Top-Down Theories •Perception depends on - what we ____ (sensory data) - what we ____ ( memory ) - what we can ____ (using knowledge/intelligence)
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sense know infer
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• Lack of sensory info = more _____ ____
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top down
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• New/unexpected info = more _____ ___
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bottom up
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______ ______ representation = objects are perceived the way it looks to the viewer
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viewer centered
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_____ _____ representation = representing an object independent of its appearance
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object centered
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______ _____ representation = referring to a known item to recognize the features of an object ex: guy next to Robert Wadlow
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landmark centered
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________ principle = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Gestalt
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_____ _____ perception (GL) = perceiving some aspects of an image (figure) makes others recede into the background (ground)
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figure ground
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_______ (GL) = objects closer to each other are grouped together
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proximity
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______ (GL) = similar objects are grouped together
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similarity
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_____ (GL) = objects are perceived as complete/closed
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closure
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______ (GL) = objects are perceived as continuous (not broken)
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continuity
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______ (GL) = objects are grouped as symmetrical
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symmetry
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_____ are less prone to perceptual illusions
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animals
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Functions of Gestalt Laws • ______ which help organize info as a whole rather than fragmented parts • allows us to focus on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others
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heuristics
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________ constancies = ability to perceive an object as the same even when the received sensation changes
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perceptual
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the two constancies are _____ and _____
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size shape
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_____ constancy = to perceive an object as the same size when it moves towards or away from the viewer
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size
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_____ constancy = objects maintain shape despite changes in the retinal image
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shape
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Recognizing faces is unique and involves specialized processes?
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TRUE
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The two systems of facial recognition are • ______ _____ system
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feature analysis configurational
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______ ______ system = identifying parts (nose, beard, eyebrows)
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feature analysis
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________ system = recognizing the overall configuration (the face as a whole)
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configurational
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The facial recognition uses configurational system and _____ _____ (temporal lobe)
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fusiform gyrus
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the fusiform gyrus is also specialized for any _____ stimuli
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complex
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________= the inability to recognize familiar faces
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prosophagnosia
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Depth Perception
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2D
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Monocular Cues: Closer objects... • appear ______ ( texture gradient )
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clearer larger
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Monocular Cues:
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linear
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Monocular Cues:
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motion parallax
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Binocular cues work with both ____
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eyes
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_________ ________ = each eye sends slightly different images to the brain (used in 3D videography)
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binocular disparity
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_____ _____ = eye muscles turn inwards/outwards as the object moves closer/further away
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binocular convergence
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_____ _____ = cant reach for objects
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optic ataxia
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______ = Colorblindness. lack of cones in retina. can only see black and white
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achromacy
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______ = active processing of information
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attention
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attention is the ___ function assessed in clinical and research settings
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first
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attetion IS a limited ______ unlike memory
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resource
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Five components of attention
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signal detection vigilance search selective attention divided attention
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______ _____ = detecting a stimulus of interest
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signal detection
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______ = maintaining attention over a period of time
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vigilance
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_____= searching for a specific stimulus
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search
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______ ______ = choosing between competing stimulus
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selective attention
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_____ _____ = attending to ; 1 events/activity
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divided attention
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_____ ______ theory = how we identify important information among other, irrelevant info
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signal detection
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signal = _____
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stimulus
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Four possible outcomes of Signal Detection
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hits miss correct rejection false alarm
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____ = detecting a signal (right!)
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hits
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____ = fail to detect a signal (wrong)
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miss
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____ ___ = not detecting an absent signal ( right)
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correct rejection
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____ ____ = detecting an absent signal (wrong)
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false alarm
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Signal Detection Theory • We can set our criteria for hits and errors, BUT
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-high hits /*> high false alarms */ - high correct rejection /*> higher misses
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criteria for accuracy can be set ______ based on what is at stake
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arbitrarily
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_______ = the ability to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time
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vigilance
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Vigilance requires attention, but attention does not guarantee ______ !
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vigilance
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Vigilance is important for these occupations
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air traffic controllers */ security personnel physicians
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_____ = actively looking for a stimulus
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search
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search is made difficult by non-target stimuli called _____
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distractors
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_____ _____ and ______ pertains to stimuli which are already present
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signal detection vigilance
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_____ _____ = concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others
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selective attention
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_____ ____ ____ = hear your name at a party
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cocktail party effect
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______ ______ _____ =
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dichotic listening task
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The Unattended Ear processes - tone of _____ / voice to monotone - switch from __ to __ - mention of ones ____
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voice male female name
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The unattended ear DOES NOT process - ______ info - change in _____ (Eng-Ger) - info played ____
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semantic language backwards
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_______ model = • we filter out irrelevant info after the sensory state and focus on one aspect for higher processing
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Broadbent
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_____ _____ model = • instead of blocking irrelevant stimuli, the filter only attenuates the stimulus. At some level even unattended info is perceptually process
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Treisman Attenuation
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______ & _____ Late Selection Model= • selection occurs late, after perceptual and some conceptual processing
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Deutsch Deutsch
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Current evidence suggests the filter is placed ___ than the point suggested by Deutsch & Deutsch BUT ____ than the Treisman model
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earlier later
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All theories say that attention is a _____ _____ and has to be allocated between conflicting stimuli
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limited resource
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______ suggested a synthesis of the early (Broadbent) and Late Selection ( D & D ) models
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Neisser
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Neisser said that there were ____ different processes governing attention
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two
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Neissers "Preattentive Processes" occur ____ in the phase and are fast. The Attentive Processes occur later and are ____
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early slow
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_____ _____ = engaged in ; 1 task simultaneously. it generally takes its toll on both activities
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Divided Attention
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Divided Attention can • _____ with practice • tasks can be _____ to consume fewer resources
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improved automatized
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There are ___ theories of divided attention
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two
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A. Attention is a single resourced divided between _____ tasks B. Attentional Resources are _____ specific
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multiple modality
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Resource Theory for Complex Tasks • more automization= ____ ___
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less attention
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The Four factors that affect attention ____ = soccer player misses longer wait ____= sleepy, tired, intoxicated ____ ____ = hard/new tasks require more ____= more skill/practice
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anxiety arousal task difficulty skills
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____ ____ = the inability to see change in objects/scene (ex: jet engine pic)
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change blindness
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_ _ _ _= characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
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ADHD
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ADHD is diagnosed in _____ M:F: is _:_ deficits in prefrontal cortex, norepi, and dopamine
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children 3:1
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60% of ADHD also have _____
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dyslexia
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3 Types of ADHD -______ -______-_____ - combination of both
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inattentive hyperactive-impulsive
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______ ADHD • easily distracted • failing to pay attention • careless mistakes • poor vigilance/sustained attention • forgetting/losing things • jumping between incomplete tasks
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inattentive
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Inattentive ADHD is treated with _____ like ritalin
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stimulants
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_____ _____ = • neurological condition • ignoring the visual field on the contralateral hemisphere of brain lesion • dress only one side (right often), eat half plate of food Not due to visual deficits
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Spatial Neglect
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______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus
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habituation
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_______ = paying attention to a habituated stimulus often due to change in its characteristics
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dishabituation
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Uses of ______ • helps us to focus on what matters • used extensively in infant and toddler research • ADHD /*> decreased habituation
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habit
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_______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus
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habituation
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habituation is an _______ phenomenon
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attentional
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______ ____ = the lessening of response to a stimulus, occurs at the level of the sense organs
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sensory adaptation
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sensory adaptation is a ________ phenomena
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physiological
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habituation does NOT depend on _____ ____
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stimulus intensity
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habituation can be affected by previous _____
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experience
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Habituation becomes easier with ____
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practice
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we cant choose to ____/____ to a stimulus. Its automatic
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adapt/disadapt
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In sensory adaptation, the ______ _____ matters
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stimulus intensity
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the _______ of sensory neurons in sensory adaptation
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hyperpolarization
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sensory adaptation is ______ to number of previous exposures
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unrelated
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_______ processes */ • involve little conscious control • requires less attention and effort • several tasks can be performed simultaneously
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automatic
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_____ processes • accessible to conscious control • require attention and effort • performed serially (one after the other)
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controlled
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_______ = the mechanism by which controlled processes become automatic with practice
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automatization
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____ is an automatized process
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reading
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_____: the lack of automatization in reading
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dyslexia
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automatization helps perform under ____
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stress
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____= the presentation of one stimulus can affect the perception o f the second
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priming
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priming can occur even in the absence of ____
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memory
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______= knowing a word but not being able to retrieve it
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Tip of the Tongue
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____= not consciously seeing but eyes still work • due to lesion in visual cortex
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blindsight
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blindsight people cant consciously see but show evidence of ____
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knowing
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blindsight people can blindly guess above ____ ___
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chance level
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The ____ ____ is required for conscious visual processing
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visual cortex
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residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
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visual processing
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residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
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visual processing
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residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions
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visual processing
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