question

_____ _____ is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

answer

cognitive psychology.

question

The _____ knew that the brain was the seat of reason

answer

Ancients

question

______ 400 BC said Brain CREATES the mind

answer

Hippocrates

question

______ 400 BC said Brain CREATES the mind

answer

Hippocrates

question

_____ dualism overshadowed Hippocrates, even though it was wrong

answer

Plato

question

____ Dualism: -mind= immaterial and immortal -brain= material and controlled basic functions

answer

Plato

question

______ dualism followed Plato dualism

answer

Descartes

question

correct view is... _____ _____ ____

answer

brain creates mind

question

Wundt believed in _______

answer

structuralism

question

______= understanding the mind by analyzing its parts -uses introspection

answer

Structuralism

question

Pavlov and Watson believed in ______

answer

Behaviorism

question

_____= only observable behavior should be studied -classical conditioning -operant conditioning *works good for lower animals

answer

behaviorism

question

_____ and others put cognition back at the center of the stage

answer

Chomsky

question

_____ ____ are the most accurate method of arriving at new info

answer

lab experiments

question

____ ____ are personal accounts of cognitive processes

answer

self reports

question

____ ____ look for manipulations that cant be introduced into labs

answer

case studies

question

The mind is what the ____ does

answer

brain

question

______ _____= integrating information from cognitive science, brain science, computer simulation, etc to create integrative models of mental processes

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

_____= a cell specialized for transmitting information dendrites receive axons send

answer

neuron

question

______ allow the brain to interact with the rest of the body

answer

neurons

question

The _____ nervous system sends info to and carries out instructions from muscles and glands to the brain and spinal cord it does NOT process any information

answer

peripheral

question

the _____ ____ takes sensory information from the body to the brain *does some information processing but not much

answer

spinal cord

question

The ____ is the center of all higher level cognition

answer

brain

question

The complexity of the brain increases from ____ to ____

answer

back front

question

3 parts of the brain

answer

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

question

The hindbrain is made of -M_______ -P_______ -C_______

answer

Medulla Pons Cerebellum

question

_____= respiration and heartbeat

answer

Medulla

question

____= interbrain communication

answer

Pons

question

_____= gross motor movement

answer

cerebellum

question

The Midbrain is made of the -____ -________ involved with sleep/wake cycle

answer

Tectum Tegmentum

question

The Forebrain is made of -_____ _____ -_____ ______ -_______ -______

answer

cerebral cortex basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus

question

______ ______= the outer most layer of the brain involved with memory, attention, language, motor actions, vision, hearing

answer

cerebral cortex

question

_____ _____= motor actions, emotions, eye movement

answer

basal ganglia

question

_______= memory storage specifically autobiographical/episodic memory

answer

hippocampus

question

______= fear processing, emotional memory and processing good at storing negative memories

answer

amygdala

question

The brain is connected by the ____ _____

answer

corpus callosum

question

The corpus callosum is often cut for patients that have ____

answer

epilepsy

question

The Brains 4 Lobes are -F______ -P______ -O______ -T_____

answer

frontal parietal occipital temporal

question

_____ lobe= reasoning, memory formation, motor control

answer

frontal

question

_____ lobe= sensory & visuo-spatial processing

answer

parietal

question

_____ lobe= visual

answer

occipital

question

_____ lobe= auditory processing and long-term memory

answer

temporal

question

How do we Study the Brain? (7)

answer

Postmortem EEG CAT PET MRI fMRI DTI

question

_______ studies = observing changes in the brain after death to understand how lesions affect cognitive functions

answer

postmortem

question

_ _ _ = records electrical activity of the brain • can see seizures, sleep disorders, sleep • adv : high temporal resolution • dis: low spatial resolution

answer

EEG

question

_ _ _ = takes multiple x-rays from various angles and reconstructs an image of the brain regions

answer

CAT

question

_ _ _ = inject mildly radioactive isotope w/ glucose into the blood stream which is absorbed by brain cells depending upon the rate of metabolism

answer

PET

question

_ _ _ = creates a magnetic field around the brain and generates a computerized image of internal structures

answer

MRI

question

_ _ _ _ = it makes a magnetic field and generates an image showing the level brain of activity at any given point by looking at used amounts of oxygen at different brain regions as an index of activity adv! = Active !!!

answer

fMRI

question

_ _ _ = a technique that can be implemented in fMRI

answer

DTI

question

information processing requires incoming _____

answer

information

question

_______ = input from sense organs to the brain

answer

sensation

question

_______ = "to know" what the received information is

answer

perception

question

Why study vision (3)

answer

well understood most prominent basic processes of perception are common for all senses

question

RTTIP

answer

reception transduction transmission integration perception

question

______ = receiving physical energy form the external world

answer

reception

question

_____ = converting physical energy into neural signals

answer

transduction

question

_____ = transferring information to the brain

answer

transmission

question

______= processing by primary and association areas

answer

integration

question

the electromagnetic wavelengths we can see vary from

answer

400 750

question

Neural Mechanism: - light enters through the _____ - hits the _____ - projected on the _____ inverted

answer

cornea lens retina

question

rods are for ______ cones are for _____

answer

brightness color

question

Rods and cones convert light into _______ ____

answer

electrochemical energy

question

______ contains the most receptors, especially cones

answer

fovea

question

________ --> _______ cell --> _____ cell --> _ _ _

answer

photoreceptor bipolar ganglion PVC

question

Half of the optic nerve of each eye crosses over at the ____ ____

answer

optic chiasma

question

optic chiasma --> ____ ____ thalamus --> _ _ _

answer

lateral geniculate PVC

question

V1 --> V2 and ______ & _____ lobes for further processing

answer

temporal parietal

question

______ ______ ____ = color, motion, shape, depth

answer

parallel processing system

question

The dorsal "____" pathway

answer

where

question

the ventral "____" pathway

answer

what

question

the dorsal "where" pathway projects to the ____ cortex

answer

parietal

question

the ventral "what" pathway goes to the _____ ____

answer

temporal lobe

question

Evidence for the two pathways comes from conditions where these functions are uniquely _____

answer

damaged

question

_____ ____ = difficulty perceiving objects

answer

visual agnosia

question

______ = the inability to perceive motion

answer

akinetopsia

question

The two processes in perception are ___ ____ and ____ ___

answer

top down bottom up

question

top down and bottom up often work ______

answer

together

question

_____ ___ perception = sensory info about an object going to higher cortical regions

answer

bottom up

question

____ ___ perception = higher cortical regions make predictions about sensory input

answer

top down

question

Bottom-up theories presume that perception starts with info reaching the ____. It is data-driven!

answer

eye

question

Top-down theories assume that perception stars with higher level cognitive processes, existing knowledge and ______

answer

expectation

question

________ _______ Theory : (B-U) • sensory info is sufficient for visual recognition • all the necessary info is already present in environment • There is no inference/expectation

answer

Direct Perception

question

_______ Theory : (B-U) • we store patterns in our memory and recognize objects by matching the template

answer

Template

question

____ _____ Theory : (B-U) • match PARTS of an object to patterns in memory rather than entire object

answer

Feature Matching

question

Limitations of Bottom-Up Theories:

answer

speed partial

question

Top-Down Theories •Perception depends on - what we ____ (sensory data) - what we ____ ( memory ) - what we can ____ (using knowledge/intelligence)

answer

sense know infer

question

• Lack of sensory info = more _____ ____

answer

top down

question

• New/unexpected info = more _____ ___

answer

bottom up

question

______ ______ representation = objects are perceived the way it looks to the viewer

answer

viewer centered

question

_____ _____ representation = representing an object independent of its appearance

answer

object centered

question

______ _____ representation = referring to a known item to recognize the features of an object ex: guy next to Robert Wadlow

answer

landmark centered

question

________ principle = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

answer

Gestalt

question

_____ _____ perception (GL) = perceiving some aspects of an image (figure) makes others recede into the background (ground)

answer

figure ground

question

_______ (GL) = objects closer to each other are grouped together

answer

proximity

question

______ (GL) = similar objects are grouped together

answer

similarity

question

_____ (GL) = objects are perceived as complete/closed

answer

closure

question

______ (GL) = objects are perceived as continuous (not broken)

answer

continuity

question

______ (GL) = objects are grouped as symmetrical

answer

symmetry

question

_____ are less prone to perceptual illusions

answer

animals

question

Functions of Gestalt Laws • ______ which help organize info as a whole rather than fragmented parts • allows us to focus on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others

answer

heuristics

question

________ constancies = ability to perceive an object as the same even when the received sensation changes

answer

perceptual

question

the two constancies are _____ and _____

answer

size shape

question

_____ constancy = to perceive an object as the same size when it moves towards or away from the viewer

answer

size

question

_____ constancy = objects maintain shape despite changes in the retinal image

answer

shape

question

Recognizing faces is unique and involves specialized processes?

answer

TRUE

question

The two systems of facial recognition are • ______ _____ system

answer

feature analysis configurational

question

______ ______ system = identifying parts (nose, beard, eyebrows)

answer

feature analysis

question

________ system = recognizing the overall configuration (the face as a whole)

answer

configurational

question

The facial recognition uses configurational system and _____ _____ (temporal lobe)

answer

fusiform gyrus

question

the fusiform gyrus is also specialized for any _____ stimuli

answer

complex

question

________= the inability to recognize familiar faces

answer

prosophagnosia

question

Depth Perception

answer

2D

question

Monocular Cues: Closer objects... • appear ______ ( texture gradient )

answer

clearer larger

question

Monocular Cues:

answer

linear

question

Monocular Cues:

answer

motion parallax

question

Binocular cues work with both ____

answer

eyes

question

_________ ________ = each eye sends slightly different images to the brain (used in 3D videography)

answer

binocular disparity

question

_____ _____ = eye muscles turn inwards/outwards as the object moves closer/further away

answer

binocular convergence

question

_____ _____ = cant reach for objects

answer

optic ataxia

question

______ = Colorblindness. lack of cones in retina. can only see black and white

answer

achromacy

question

______ = active processing of information

answer

attention

question

attention is the ___ function assessed in clinical and research settings

answer

first

question

attetion IS a limited ______ unlike memory

answer

resource

question

Five components of attention

answer

signal detection vigilance search selective attention divided attention

question

______ _____ = detecting a stimulus of interest

answer

signal detection

question

______ = maintaining attention over a period of time

answer

vigilance

question

_____= searching for a specific stimulus

answer

search

question

______ ______ = choosing between competing stimulus

answer

selective attention

question

_____ _____ = attending to ; 1 events/activity

answer

divided attention

question

_____ ______ theory = how we identify important information among other, irrelevant info

answer

signal detection

question

signal = _____

answer

stimulus

question

Four possible outcomes of Signal Detection

answer

hits miss correct rejection false alarm

question

____ = detecting a signal (right!)

answer

hits

question

____ = fail to detect a signal (wrong)

answer

miss

question

____ ___ = not detecting an absent signal ( right)

answer

correct rejection

question

____ ____ = detecting an absent signal (wrong)

answer

false alarm

question

Signal Detection Theory • We can set our criteria for hits and errors, BUT

answer

-high hits /*> high false alarms */ - high correct rejection /*> higher misses

question

criteria for accuracy can be set ______ based on what is at stake

answer

arbitrarily

question

_______ = the ability to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time

answer

vigilance

question

Vigilance requires attention, but attention does not guarantee ______ !

answer

vigilance

question

Vigilance is important for these occupations

answer

air traffic controllers */ security personnel physicians

question

_____ = actively looking for a stimulus

answer

search

question

search is made difficult by non-target stimuli called _____

answer

distractors

question

_____ _____ and ______ pertains to stimuli which are already present

answer

signal detection vigilance

question

_____ _____ = concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others

answer

selective attention

question

_____ ____ ____ = hear your name at a party

answer

cocktail party effect

question

______ ______ _____ =

answer

dichotic listening task

question

The Unattended Ear processes - tone of _____ / voice to monotone - switch from __ to __ - mention of ones ____

answer

voice male female name

question

The unattended ear DOES NOT process - ______ info - change in _____ (Eng-Ger) - info played ____

answer

semantic language backwards

question

_______ model = • we filter out irrelevant info after the sensory state and focus on one aspect for higher processing

answer

Broadbent

question

_____ _____ model = • instead of blocking irrelevant stimuli, the filter only attenuates the stimulus. At some level even unattended info is perceptually process

answer

Treisman Attenuation

question

______ & _____ Late Selection Model= • selection occurs late, after perceptual and some conceptual processing

answer

Deutsch Deutsch

question

Current evidence suggests the filter is placed ___ than the point suggested by Deutsch & Deutsch BUT ____ than the Treisman model

answer

earlier later

question

All theories say that attention is a _____ _____ and has to be allocated between conflicting stimuli

answer

limited resource

question

______ suggested a synthesis of the early (Broadbent) and Late Selection ( D & D ) models

answer

Neisser

question

Neisser said that there were ____ different processes governing attention

answer

two

question

Neissers "Preattentive Processes" occur ____ in the phase and are fast. The Attentive Processes occur later and are ____

answer

early slow

question

_____ _____ = engaged in ; 1 task simultaneously. it generally takes its toll on both activities

answer

Divided Attention

question

Divided Attention can • _____ with practice • tasks can be _____ to consume fewer resources

answer

improved automatized

question

There are ___ theories of divided attention

answer

two

question

A. Attention is a single resourced divided between _____ tasks B. Attentional Resources are _____ specific

answer

multiple modality

question

Resource Theory for Complex Tasks • more automization= ____ ___

answer

less attention

question

The Four factors that affect attention ____ = soccer player misses longer wait ____= sleepy, tired, intoxicated ____ ____ = hard/new tasks require more ____= more skill/practice

answer

anxiety arousal task difficulty skills

question

____ ____ = the inability to see change in objects/scene (ex: jet engine pic)

answer

change blindness

question

_ _ _ _= characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness

answer

ADHD

question

ADHD is diagnosed in _____ M:F: is _:_ deficits in prefrontal cortex, norepi, and dopamine

answer

children 3:1

question

60% of ADHD also have _____

answer

dyslexia

question

3 Types of ADHD -______ -______-_____ - combination of both

answer

inattentive hyperactive-impulsive

question

______ ADHD • easily distracted • failing to pay attention • careless mistakes • poor vigilance/sustained attention • forgetting/losing things • jumping between incomplete tasks

answer

inattentive

question

Inattentive ADHD is treated with _____ like ritalin

answer

stimulants

question

_____ _____ = • neurological condition • ignoring the visual field on the contralateral hemisphere of brain lesion • dress only one side (right often), eat half plate of food Not due to visual deficits

answer

Spatial Neglect

question

______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus

answer

habituation

question

_______ = paying attention to a habituated stimulus often due to change in its characteristics

answer

dishabituation

question

Uses of ______ • helps us to focus on what matters • used extensively in infant and toddler research • ADHD /*> decreased habituation

answer

habit

question

_______ = paying less attention to a repeated stimulus

answer

habituation

question

habituation is an _______ phenomenon

answer

attentional

question

______ ____ = the lessening of response to a stimulus, occurs at the level of the sense organs

answer

sensory adaptation

question

sensory adaptation is a ________ phenomena

answer

physiological

question

habituation does NOT depend on _____ ____

answer

stimulus intensity

question

habituation can be affected by previous _____

answer

experience

question

Habituation becomes easier with ____

answer

practice

question

we cant choose to ____/____ to a stimulus. Its automatic

answer

adapt/disadapt

question

In sensory adaptation, the ______ _____ matters

answer

stimulus intensity

question

the _______ of sensory neurons in sensory adaptation

answer

hyperpolarization

question

sensory adaptation is ______ to number of previous exposures

answer

unrelated

question

_______ processes */ • involve little conscious control • requires less attention and effort • several tasks can be performed simultaneously

answer

automatic

question

_____ processes • accessible to conscious control • require attention and effort • performed serially (one after the other)

answer

controlled

question

_______ = the mechanism by which controlled processes become automatic with practice

answer

automatization

question

____ is an automatized process

answer

reading

question

_____: the lack of automatization in reading

answer

dyslexia

question

automatization helps perform under ____

answer

stress

question

____= the presentation of one stimulus can affect the perception o f the second

answer

priming

question

priming can occur even in the absence of ____

answer

memory

question

______= knowing a word but not being able to retrieve it

answer

Tip of the Tongue

question

____= not consciously seeing but eyes still work • due to lesion in visual cortex

answer

blindsight

question

blindsight people cant consciously see but show evidence of ____

answer

knowing

question

blindsight people can blindly guess above ____ ___

answer

chance level

question

The ____ ____ is required for conscious visual processing

answer

visual cortex

question

residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions

answer

visual processing

question

residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions

answer

visual processing

question

residual _____ _____ can occur through pathways to other brain regions

answer

visual processing

Cognitive Psychology Quizlet of Notes Exam 1 – Flashcards

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