CLEP Introduction to Educational Psychology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Encoding
answer
How a message is stored to be recalled
question
John Watson
answer
Behaviorism
question
Pavlov's dog
answer
Example of Classical Conditioning
question
Two learning Theories
answer
Behaviorist and Cognitives
question
Edward Lee Thorndike
answer
Law of Effect
question
How many pairs of chromosomes to a cell ?
answer
46
question
XY
answer
Male
question
XX
answer
Female
question
Biological approach
answer
Personality is linked to genetics
question
Behavioral approach
answer
Study and observe behavior - blank state
question
Cognitive approach
answer
How the mind learns and thinks
question
Dependent approach
answer
The variable the experiment is trying to get information about
question
Independent variable
answer
The variable that the experimenter controls The variable which explains the change in a dependent variable
question
Correlation Research
answer
How much one variable changes in relation to each other
question
Erik Erickson
answer
Psychoanalyst
question
Most important thing to Erickson
answer
Development of trust
question
Trust vs. Mistrust
answer
Infant
question
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
answer
Toddler
question
Initiative vs. Guilt
answer
Preschooler
question
Industry vs. Inferiority
answer
School-age
question
Identity vs. Role Confusion
answer
Adolescent
question
Intimacy vs. Isolation
answer
Young adult
question
Generativity vs. Stagnation
answer
Middle-age Adult
question
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
answer
Old Age
question
Jean Piaget
answer
Cognitive Theorist
question
Reflexive Stage (0-2 month)
answer
Simple reflex activity such as grasping and sucking
question
Primary Circular Reactions (2-4 months)
answer
Reflexive behaviors occur in stereotyped repetition such as opening and closing fingers repetitively
question
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
answer
Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking one's feet to move a mobile suspended over the crib
question
Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12 months)
answer
Responses become coordinated into more complex sequences. Actions take on an "intentional' character
question
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
answer
Discovery of new ways to produce the same consequence or obtain the same goal such as the infant may pull a pillow toward him in an attempt to get a toy resting on it.
question
Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18-24 months)
answer
Evidence if an internal representational system. Symbolizing the problem solving sequence before actually responding. Deferred imitation.
question
Preoperational Phase (2-4 years)
answer
Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginning of symbolic rather than simple motor play. Transductive reasoning.
question
Intuitive Phase (4-7 years)
answer
Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas.
question
Period of Concrete Operation (7-11 years)
answer
Evidence for organized, logical thought. There is the ability to perform multiple classification tasks, order objects in a logical sequence, and comprehend the principle of concervation
question
Period of formal operations (11-15 years)
answer
Thought becomes more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic. The ability to generate abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is evident.
question
Oral Stage
answer
Birth- 1 year
question
Anal Stage
answer
1-3 years
question
Phallic Stage
answer
3-6 years
question
Latency Period
answer
6-11
question
Genital Stage
answer
Adolescence
question
Self-actualization
answer
Highest need in hierarchy - Level 5
question
Esteem Needs
answer
Level 4 need
question
Belonging and Love
answer
Level 3 need
question
Safety
answer
Level 2 need
question
Physical Needs
answer
Level 1 need
question
Baby Alert
answer
Kept in a box and conditioned
question
Stimulus Generalization
answer
Something from conditioning carries over to another related area
question
Naturalistic Observation
answer
Search conducted by watching the subject
question
Standard deviation
answer
A description of how far away, on average, the values in a data set are from a mean
question
Zone of Proximal Development
answer
A gap between what a child can do with help, and what they can do on their own.
question
Schemas
answer
A mental framework through which people organize their ideas about a subject.
question
Identity achievement
answer
A person has both commitment and conflict
question
Identity foreclosure
answer
A person has commitment but no conflict
question
Identity moratorium
answer
A person has conflict but no commitment
question
Identity diffusion
answer
A person has neither commitment nor conflict
question
Operant conditioning
answer
A type of conditioning in which a person associates an action with a consequence
question
Mean
answer
Add all of the number in a data set and divide the total by the total number of data points
question
Standard scores
answer
Also called z scores. A measure of how many standard deviation away from the mean a value is
question
Visual cliff
answer
An experiment which created the illusion if a cliff to test what age infants develop depth perception at
question
Pygmalion effect
answer
Argues that higher teacher expectations directly result in increased improvement from students.
question
G
answer
Charles Spearman's general intelligence factor which he believed could be used to quantify intelligence
question
Classical conditioning
answer
Describes a link between a stimulus and a response
question
Interference Theory
answer
Describes how learning new information has an effect on memory loss as a result of competition between information
question
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
answer
Describes the progression of a person's personality and self concept as they progress through a series of psychological stages
question
Divergent thinking
answer
Emphasizes creativity and looks for new and innovative solutions to problems
question
Convergent thinking
answer
Emphasizes finding the one most correct answer as quickly and accurately as possible
question
Transitional bilingual education
answer
Focuses on integrating the student. Some if the material is taught in their native language, most of it is taught in the target language
question
Maintenance bilingual education
answer
Focuses on maintaining the student's primary language, while teaching them a second language as well
question
IDEA
answer
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Governs how states provide education for students with disabilities
question
Scaffolding
answer
Materials used and resources provided (explicitly of inherently) when teaching
question
Advanced organizers
answer
Previously learning information which can be used to help the learner understand new information
question
Elaboration
answer
Starting with basic principles and building up to more complex ones to create an association and aid learning
question
Triarchic model of intelligence
answer
Sternberg's model which claimed analytical, creative and practical factors to intelligence
question
Conservation
answer
The ability of children to recognize that changes in shape and configuration don't necessarily indicate changes in mass or fundamental property
question
Metacognition
answer
The ability to think about thinking or control one's own thought
question
Range
answer
The difference between the highest and lowest number in a data set.
question
Median
answer
The median is the middle number in a set of data when it is organized from lowest to highest
question
Mode
answer
The number which occurs most commonly in a data set
question
Episodic memory
answer
The recall of autobiographical facts, such as dates, places and emotions
question
Semantic memory
answer
The recall of general conceptual facts which are unrelated to specific experiences
question
Procedural memory
answer
The recall of how to perform a specific, frequently performed task
question
Iconic memory
answer
The recall of something a person has seen for a brief period of time
question
Echoic memory
answer
The recall of something that a person has just heard
question
Centration
answer
The tendency of young children to focus on one aspect of a situation
question
Wait-time
answer
The time between asking a question and calling on a student for the answer
question
Dependent variable
answer
The variable which changes in response to the independent variable
question
Extinction
answer
The weakening of a response when lack of reinforcement occurs after conditioning
question
Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
answer
Theory argued by Thurstone which was the first to suggest multiple factors of intelligence
question
Premack principle
answer
Using operant conditioning to make less to occur by using more probable actions as reinforcers
question
Shaping
answer
Using operant conditioning to move and existing response to a target response
question
Assimilation
answer
When new information is encountered and can be input into the brain without changing existing ideas
question
Accommodation
answer
When new information is encountered which contradicts preexisting ideas and the brain must adapt to fit it in
question
Retroactive inhibition
answer
When old memory interferes with learning new things
question
Proactive inhibition
answer
When old memory is lost due to new memory gained
question
Z score formula
answer
z=(x-μ)/σ
