question

Ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by government is known as

answer

due process

question

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n)

answer

system of social control

question

Which model would view a criminal justice system as one that fights crime and protects potential victims?

answer

crime control model

question

(T/F) The emphasis on efficient and effective justice is known as the due process model of crime control.

answer

False

question

The author suggests in an analogy that the criminal justice system's various levels of government operations are separate, but linked together like

answer

a picket fence

question

The enforcement of laws by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions comprise the

answer

criminal justice system

question

(T/F) The process and flow of an offender through the criminal justice system is overseen by one agency.

answer

False

question

Who has the authority to decide what charges will be filed at the time of arraignment?

answer

the prosecutor

question

At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges?

answer

arraignment

question

Which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine whether a defendant should be brought to trial?

answer

grand jury

question

Which of the following are roles of the police? A. arrest or detain people B. search people, vicinities, and buildings C. investigate specific crimes D. enforce specific laws E. all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

The guilt of the defendant is determined through trial. Plea bargaining, or dismissal of charges, is done at which stage of the criminal process?

answer

adjudication

question

A decision issued by a grand jury authorizing the prosecutor to arraign the defendant is called the

answer

true bill

question

Following the events of September 11, 2001, then President Bush declared a

answer

War on Terrorism

question

What was viewed as the most serious problem in the United States according to a Gallup Poll in 1965?

answer

crime

question

In the 1960s President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that

answer

people feared crime and had lost confidence in the police

question

Which of the following was not a phenomenon that has driven interest in the criminal justice system? A. declining birth rate B. the Vietnam War C. the Civil Rights Movement D. the terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001

answer

declining birth rate

question

Which act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizens service based on their race?

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

Civil disobedience was a tactic used by activists in which of the following?

answer

the Civil Rights Movement

question

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision established the exclusionary rule?

answer

Weeks v. United States

question

What was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?

answer

Roper v. Simmons

question

(T/F) The first Ten Amendments (Bill of Rights) to the U.S. Constitution delineate certain guaranteed freedoms such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, and the right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure.

answer

True

question

(T/F) The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that powers not delegated to the United States are reserved to the individual states.

answer

False

question

Sociology is the study of human _________ behavior.

answer

social

question

(T/F) Criminology is referred to as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

answer

True

question

Which of the following events is evidence that the American colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences?

answer

the Salem witch trials

question

An attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions is termed

answer

theories

question

(T/F) The purpose of a theory is to define and explain the factors that influence or determine behavior and how the factors interrelate.

answer

True

question

Bentham's philosophy is called

answer

utilitarianism

question

Whose theory of the "criminal man" was the first important positivist theory to emerge?

answer

Cesare Lombroso's theory

question

The central tenet of the positivist school of criminology is that A. differences in gender aggression were related to survival of the species. B. criminals want to be punished for their crimes. C. criminal behavior is a matter of free-will and choice. D. a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors.

answer

a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

question

Which perspective emphasized that a person's criminal nature was an inherited characteristic?

answer

early biological theories

question

Cesare Lombroso, Richard Dugdale, and William Sheldon were all proponents of

answer

biological determinism

question

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is

answer

controlled by subconscious desires

question

Freudian theory argues that A. crime is an inherited characteristic in one's biological make-up. B. crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so that one will be punished. C. crime is caused by social factors and social forces beyond one's control. D. criminal behavior is a matter of free-will choice.

answer

crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so that one will be punished

question

Which of the following statements is not correct? A. Psychoanalysis theory has been extensively applied to the study of criminals. B. Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior. C. Underlying Freud's theory is the concept of the id, the ego, and the superego. D. Biological theory of crime has been extensively applied to the study of criminals.

answer

Freud himself focused on the study of criminal behavior.

question

Which of the following is not a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior? A. psychoanalytic theory B. zone theory C. social disorganization D. differential association

answer

psychoanalytic theory

question

Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics?

answer

social disorganization

question

Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools, and substandard housing during the early part of the twentieth century; hence, criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to which theorist?

answer

Shaw and McKay

question

Which theory is based on the belief that structural factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of schooling, and unemployment are powerful forces that influence levels of crime?

answer

zone theory

question

The differential association theory that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior was created by

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

When lower-class youth reject middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture it is termed

answer

reaction formation

question

The concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology?

answer

labeling theory

question

Feminist criminology assumes that the cause of criminality among females is the inequality of power between men and women. True False

answer

True

question

Feminist criminology assumes that the underlying cause of criminal behavior by females is the inequality of power between men and women. True False

answer

True

question

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were proponents of the concentric zone model. True False

answer

False

question

Those who advocate conflict theories and class and power inequality as the causes of crime are known as radical criminologists. True False

answer

True

question

Which variables do criminologists think influence criminal behavior? A. sociology B. biology C. psychology D. all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

Causal variables are variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships. True False

answer

True

question

Most criminologists agree there is one major theory that explains the majority of crime. True False

answer

False

question

What century did the demand for accurate time data emerge?

answer

1920s

question

The Prohibition Amendment is also known as the

answer

Volstead Act

question

The first published national crime report was published by which of the following groups?

answer

International Association of Police

question

Which of the following is considered a Part I offense? A. burglary B. rape C. murder D. all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

Which agency is responsible for compiling the data for the UCR?

answer

FBI

question

The dark figure of crime statistics refers to

answer

unreported crime

question

The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade?

answer

1970s

question

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) was established in which year?

answer

1972

question

Which method of gathering data promotes itself as "the United States' primary source for criminal justice statistics"?

answer

Bureau of Justice Statistics

question

The BJS compiles reports on many aspects of the criminal justice system, including data about federal, state, and local criminal justice authorities. True False

answer

True

question

The Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1992 no longer required college campuses to make a public disclosure of crimes occurring on their campuses whether or not these crimes were reported to the police. True False

answer

False

question

Which age group has the highest rate of victimization?

answer

12-24

question

The study of victims and their patterns of victimization is known as

answer

victimology

question

What is the percentage of violent crimes that are not reported?

answer

51%

question

The study of victims and how they were victimized is known as victimology. True False

answer

True

question

Elderly individuals are the least victimized age group but have the most fear of victimization. True False

answer

True

question

Seventy-five percent of violent crimes are not reported to the police. True False

answer

False

question

Which theory explains personal victimization as an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations?

answer

Lifestyle theory

question

Acts "involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage" are defined by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson as what type of crime?

answer

predatory crime

question

The routine activities theory depends on the interaction of how many variables?

answer

3

question

Victim-precipitation theories view the victim as randomly targeted by a criminal. True False

answer

False

question

Differential association refers to the concept that people who associate regularly with others engaged in unlawful behavior are more likely to be victimized because of their increased exposure to high-risk situations and environments. True False

answer

True

question

Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?

answer

victims' rights movement

question

Which president convened the President's Task Force on Victims of Crime?

answer

Ronald Reagan

question

Which rights are guaranteed by the Crime Victims' Rights Act? A. to receive restitution B. to confer with the prosecutor C. to be reasonably protected, notified, present, and heard at various stages in the criminal justice system D. all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior?

answer

mala prohibita

question

Which of the following does not provide for federal criminal laws? A. the U.S. Constitution B. state statutes C. U.S. Criminal Codes D. executive orders

answer

state statutes

question

Parking regulations, minimum drinking-age limits, and various licensing regulations are mala in se type laws. True False

answer

False

question

Ms. Jones received a sentence of 6 months in the county jail for shoplifting. This means that she committed a felony. True False

answer

False

question

Which limit of the law requires the publication of a law before it can be enforced?

answer

principle of legality

question

Which limit of the law protects a person from being punished for an action committed before such a law existed?

answer

ex post facto laws

question

The law must provide clear and specific language to define a prohibited behavior. If they do not, they might be considered

answer

void for vagueness

question

Substantive due process requires government to follow established procedures in treating defendants equally. True False

answer

False

question

Laws cannot violate one's right to privacy, even in cases involving child pornography. True False

answer

False

question

The principle that a person has commonsense understanding that the results of his or her behavior might cause harm is termed

answer

general intent

question

Actions that do not require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called

answer

strict liability crimes

question

Which of the following is not a category of inchoate offenses?

answer

scheme

question

An incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime is a(n)

answer

attempt

question

The actus reus defines a physical action as part of a crime committed by a person. True False

answer

True

question

Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense? A. It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death. B. Consent is not considered an acceptable defense under any circumstance. C. It could be a defense that the victim said it was okay to assist them in committing suicide. D. Consent is a valid defense to use when a hunter accidentally shoots another hunter to death.

answer

It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death.

question

Mr. Smith claims that an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank, encouraging him to rob it. What defense would Mr. Smith claim?

answer

entrapment

question

Which of the following defenses is a justification defense? A. consent B. youth C. entrapment D. all of the above are justification defenses

answer

all of the above are justification defenses

question

Which defense is sometimes nicknamed the "lesser of two evils"?

answer

necessity

question

Mrs. Johnson shot and killed a man who was trying to break into her house. What is the legal basis for her defending herself from a home invasion?

answer

self-defense

question

A legal claim that a defendant did not understand the difference between right and wrong because he or she was suffering from a disease or mental defect is known as

answer

insanity

question

The Model Penal Code classifies crime according to

answer

the victim of the crime

question

Which of the following is not a crime against persons? A. sexual assault B. robbery C. assault and battery D. larceny

answer

larceny

question

Which of the following charges would most likely surround a vehicular homicide as a result of drunk driving?

answer

manslaughter

question

Which is considered a crime against habitation?

answer

arson

question

The offense of burglary combines two lesser crimes: trespass and

answer

intent to commit a crime

question

Under whose leadership was the London Metropolitan Police first established to promote public safety and enforce criminal codes?

answer

Sir Robert Peel

question

All of the following were the focus of the Westminster Watch Act of 1774 except for A. brawling. B. drinking. C. public prayer. D. swearing.

answer

public prayer

question

Geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department is termed a

answer

jurisdiction

question

The ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson essentially A. suspended the hiring of African American police officers. B. reaffirmed the fact that "all men are created equal." C. became a basis for affirmative action programs. D. banned the use of Black Codes in the south.

answer

suspended the hiring of African American police officers

question

The U.S. Marshals Service was established by A. President Herbert Hoover. B. the United States Congress in 1790. C. the Judiciary Act of 1789. D. the United States attorney general in 1901.

answer

the Judiciary Act of 1789

question

When first formed, the initial responsibility for the U.S. Secret Service was A. protecting the President of the United States. B. investigating counterfeiting and currency violations. C. capturing federal fugitives. D. protecting foreign diplomats.

answer

investigating counterfeiting and currency violations

question

The duties of the U.S. Secret Service were expanded to include the protection of presidential and vice-presidential candidates following the assassination of

answer

John F. Kennedy

question

The earliest duties of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms were related to the need to enforce which of the following?

answer

taxing laws

question

Which of the following federal agencies can perform only administrative operations, and not law enforcement operations, on American soil?

answer

Central Intelligence Agency

question

State law enforcement can be divided into three major agencies: traffic enforcement, general criminal investigation, and

answer

special investigations.

question

State police agencies that target traffic enforcement are commonly known as special police. True False False

answer

False

question

Which agency is the oldest policing authority in the United States?

answer

sheriff's office

question

Which of the following is not a major responsibility for a sheriff's department? A. serving as officers of the court B. contracting to provide traffic and criminal investigations for small towns C. providing security at airports D. operating the county jail

answer

providing security at airports

question

What term is used to refer to non-crime-fighting services performed by the police, such as mediation, providing for the welfare of vulnerable persons, and crime control?

answer

order maintenance

question

Jurisdiction of local police agencies is limited to the geographical boundaries of the

answer

city

question

Which of the following terms describe a hierarchical administrative structure organized by ranks with a single person responsible for all personnel in the organization.

answer

command-and-control structure

question

Police officer candidates will take a drug screening test before a written examination. True False

answer

False

question

Which of the following is included in the category of special police? A. sheriff B. highway patrol C. bailiff D. college and university police

answer

college and university police

question

Which of the following theories believes that tolerating public order violations and disruptive behavior leads to community neglect, which fosters further disorder and crime?

answer

Broken Window Theory

question

According to James Q. Wilson, which style of policing focuses on maintaining order and is associated with declining industrial, blue-collar communities? A. enforcer B. service C. legalistic D. watchman

answer

watchman

question

Community policing programs developed during the 1960s and 1970s. True False

answer

True

question

Studies show that most police work involves crime fighting as opposed to order maintenance situations. True False

answer

False

question

Problem-solving policing is proactive rather than reactive. True False

answer

True

CJ 101: Midterm Study Guide – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards