Chp. 2 Environmental Epidemiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Which of the following statements about the "triangle" is false?
answer
This framework does NOT explain infectious disease. (this does not explain non-infectious disease)
question
Who was Sir Percival Pott?
answer
a London Surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
question
Which of the following observational designs are used for hypothesis testing?
answer
cross sectional and ecologic
question
Which of the following statements on the limitations of environmental epidemiolgy is false?
answer
Ecological studies are conclusive because all possible factors of the association are measured and controlled. (all possible factors can not be controlled)
question
Which of the following statements about Cohort studies is False?
answer
The measure of association is called the odds ratio. (should be relative risk)
question
What are PCB's?
answer
Classified as a dioxin-like chemical, these substances comprise an extensive class of organochlorines
question
What are the two classes of epidemiological studies?
answer
descriptive and analytic
question
Epidemiology aids the environmental health field through:
answer
1. concern with populations
2. use of observational data
3. methodology for study designs
4. descriptive and analytic studies
question
What is descriptive epidemiology?
answer
The depiction of an occurrence of disease in populations according to classification by person (sex, gender, age), place, and time variables. Disease clustering is a type of descriptive epidemiology.
question
What is analytic epidemiology?
answer
examines casual hypotheses regarding the association between an exposure and health conditions. ex. John Snow
question
What is incidence?
answer
the occurrence of a new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation in a specific population.
question
What is prevalence?
answer
the number of existing cases of or deaths from a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time.
question
Who was John Snow?
answer
English anesthesiologist that linked the cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water.
question
What are the types of observational study designs?
answer
case series, cross sectional, ecologic, case-control and cohort.
question
What is a case series study?
answer
study in which information about individual patients who share a disease in common is gathered over time.
question
What is a cross sectional study?
answer
a study that examines the the relationship between diseases and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time.
question
What is an ecological study?
answer
a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people, rather than individuals
question
What is a case-control study?
answer
a study in which subjects who participate are defined on the basis of the presence or absence of outcome of interest. Association between exposure and outcome is measured by the odds ratio.
question
What is a cohort study?
answer
a type of study in which subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the occurrence of new cases of disease or other health events. Relative risk is a measure of association.
question
What is the epidemiologic triangle?
answer
fundamental model of disease causality that includes 3 major categories of factors: agent, host and environment
question
What is confounding?
answer
the association of the exposure of other factors influence the outcome of the study.
