Chp 1 Review Questions – Flashcards
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Define physiology. Describe the relationship between physiology and anatomy
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Physiology is the study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all chemical and physical processes. Anatomy is the study of the body's structure.
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Name the different levels of organization in the biosphere.
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1. atom 2. molecules 3. cell 4. tissues 5. organs 6. organ systems 7. organism 8. populations of one species 9. ecosystem of different species 10. biosphere
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Name the 10 systems of the body and give their major functions
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1. Integumentary, external protection for internal environment. 2. Respiratory System: exchange gases O? and CO? 3. Musculoskeletal: support and body movement 4. Nervous: coordinates body functions 5. Cardiovascular: move blood and nutrients 6. Endocrine: coordinates body functions 7. Reproductive: produces egg/sperm 8. Urinary: remove excess water and liquid materials 9. Digestive: process food/water and eliminate wastes 10. Immune: protect body from invadors
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What does "Physiology is an integrative science" mean?
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This means that the different body systems do not just work alone, they work together, like body fluid influences BP, which can change kidney function. Systems communicate with each other so that a change in one is likely to cause a reaction in another.
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Define homeostasis. Name some regulated variables that are maintained through homeostasis.
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Homeostasis is maintenance of internal stability. It's the body's way of keeping levels constant and in check, like, for example, BP and body temp.
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Name the 4 major themes in physiology
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1. structure-function relationships
2. biological energy use
3. information flow within an organism
4. homeostasis and control systems that maintain it
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Put the following parts of a reflex in the correct order for a physiological response loop: input signal, integrating center, output signal, response, sensor, stimulus, target
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stimulus ? sensor ?input signal ?integrating center ?output signal ?target ?response
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The name for daily fluctuations of body functions such as BP, temp and metabolic processes is:
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circadian rhythms
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Distinguish between: tissues and organs
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Tissues are collections of cells that carry out related functions. Organs are collections of tissues that form structural and functional units.Organs consist of tissues, and tissues consist of cells. Organs are at a higher level than tissues.
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x axis and y axis
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x axis is the Independent variable and y axis is the Dependent variable
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dependent and independent variables
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Dependent is variable measured by experimenter and Independent is the variable manipulated by the experimenter
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teleological and mechanistic approaches
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Teleological is the WHY and mechanistic is the HOW. EX: How do RBCs transport O?? (HOW, mechanistic) O? binds to hemoglobin molecules in RBCs (WHY, teleological)
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internal and external environments for a human
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external: our external environment, or skin/hair nails. Internal environment: extracellular fluid
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blind, double-blind, and crossover studies
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blind: subjects don't know if they're getting treatment or placebo.
double blind: subjects and med-givers don't know who is getting treatment or placebo
crossover studies: two control groups, and each switch between getting active ingredient and not
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target and sensor in a control system
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sensor: like when the thermometer senses a temperature decrease in the aquarium
target: like when the heater turns on
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Name as many organs or body structures that connect directly with the external environment as you can.
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nasal and oral cavities
external ear
lacrimal (ear) ducts
sweat, sebaceous and mammary gland ducts
lumens of esophagus, stomach and small/lg intestines
ducts of salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
urinary tract, reproductive, and respiratory organs
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Which organ systems are responsible for coordinating body function?
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nervous, endocrine
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Which organ systems are responsible for protecting the body from outside invaders?
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Skin, immune, digestive, CV
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Which systems exchange material with the external environment and what do they exchange?
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Respiratory: Oxygen and CO2. Digestive: food and waste. Urinary: waste products
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Explain the differences among positive feedback, negative feedback, and feedforward mechanisms. Under which circumstances would each be advantageous?
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negative feedback: feedback signal turns response loop off and maintains homeostasis
positive feedback: feedback keeps the response loop going, makes a change bigger
feedforward: starts response loop before the stimulus does, minimizes change
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A group of biology majors went to a mall and asked passersby: "Why does blood flow?" Here are the answers they got. Which are teleological and which are mechanistic?
a. because of gravity
b. to bring oxygen and food to cells
c. because of it didn't flow we would die
d. because of pumping action of heart
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teleological: B C
mechanistic:A D
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although dehydration is one of the most serious physiological obstacles that land animals must overcome, there are others. Think of as many as you can, and think of various strategies that different terrestrial animals have to overcome these obstacles (hint think of humans, insects and amphibians and different terrestrial habitats)
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requirement of an aqueous environment for fertilization
aqueous environment or embryonic development
physical support
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guppy graph: what is the dependent variable:
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avg body length
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guppy graph: what is independent variable:
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day
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guppy graph: control in experiment
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no control
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guppy graph: slowest growth time period
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days 0-3
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guppy graph: most rapid time period
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days 6-9 and 18-21
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potato graph: dependent variable
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volume change
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potato graph:independent variable
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solution concentration
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potato graph:control
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potato in water solution
