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Ways children grow during school years?

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slow & stead growth (children gain on average 5-7 lbs per year and grow 2-3 in). Weight is redistributed as baby fat disappears

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What factors influence growth?

answer

Growth is, in part, genetically determined, but societal factors include diet, nutrition, and disease)

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Nutritional needs?

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Adequate nutrition is important because of its contribution to growth, health, social, and emotional functioning and cognitive performance.

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What causes childhood obesity?

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Partially influenced by genetics, but also the lack of internal controls (over-eating, overindulgence) and sedentary activities. The life-long effects include heart disease, diabetes, etc.

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What types of health threats do middle age children face?

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Health is generally good and a few problems arise; however, the incidence of some diseases (asthma) is on the rise.

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Asthma

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a chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

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Psychological disorders in middle childhood:

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School-age children can suffer from psychological disorders (depression), as well as physical ones. It should be taken seriously due to the effects it can cause.

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How does development proceed during middle childhood?

answer

Great improvements occur in gross-motor skills. Cultural expectations probably underlie most differences between boys and girls. Fine-motor skills are rapidly developing. Physical competence is important for a number of reasons (self-esteem, confidence, and social benefits.)

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How would you describe safety threats?

answer

The increase in the amount of safety threats relates to independence and mobility. The most injuries and deaths come from accidents. An emerging area of danger is cyberspace.

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Visual impairment

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difficulties in seeing that may include blindness and partial sightedness

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Auditory impairment

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a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

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Speech impairment

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speech that deviates so much from others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker.

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Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder

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(stuttering) substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech- the most common speech impairment

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What is ADHD?

answer

Children with ADHD exhibit another form of special need. It is characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, failure to complete tasks, lack of organization, and excessive amounts of uncontrollable activity. Treatment of ADHD is controversial. The drugs Ritalin and Dexedrine have been used extensively, but they have potentially serious side effects and may lack long-term benefits. Behavior therapy; children with exceptionalities are generally placed today in the least restrictive environment.

question

Specific learning disorder

answer

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or math abilities.

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Least restrictive environment

answer

The setting most similar to that of children without special needs

question

Mainstreaming

answer

an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives.

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Concrete operational stage

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(Piaget) the period of cognitive development between 7-12 years of age, characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic.

question

Decentering

answer

the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

question

According to Piaget, how do children develop cognitive abilities?

answer

School-age children enter the concrete operational stage and for the first time, become capable of applying logical thought processes to concrete problems. Although Piaget was an observer of children and his theories have been widely used; he may have underestimated children's capabilities and misjudged the age at which their cognitive abilities emerge.

question

What role does memory play in cognitive development according to the info-processing approaches?

answer

Children's intellectual development in the school years can be attributed to substantial increases in memory capacity and the sophistication of "programs" a child can handle. Metamemory emerges and they can employ control strategies to improve cognitive processing (Ex: Rehearsal)

question

Memory

answer

the process by which info is recorded, stored, and retrieved

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Metamemory

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an understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood.

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What classroom practices does Vygotski recommend to advance cognitive development?

answer

Students focus on active learning through child-child and child-adult interactions that fall within the child's zone of proximal development.

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How does language develop during the middle childhood period?

answer

Substantial; with improvement in vocab, syntax, and pragmatics. Children learn to control their behavior through linguistic strategies and they learn more effectively by seeking clarification when they need it.

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Metalinguistic Awareness

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an understanding of one's own use of language

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Bilingualism

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the ability to speak two languages

question

What are the consequences of bilingualism?

answer

Can be beneficial in the school years. Children who are taught all subjects in their first language with simultaneous instruction in English appear to experience several linguistic and cognitive advantages

question

What trends are affecting school world wide and in the U.S?

answer

schooling is not as accessible to children (girls) in less developed countries. After a period of emphasis on social well-being and allowing students more choice in their studies, the U.S. in returning to a set curriculum with a stress of individual accountability on both student and teacher.

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Emotional intelligence

answer

the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, and regulation of emotions.

question

Teacher expectancy effect

answer

the phenomenon whereby an educator's expectations for a given child actually bring about the expected behavior

question

What factor contribute to academic outcomes?

answer

researchers have found that children who are younger than most of their classmates, do not suffer a disadvantage and tend to progress at the same rate as their peers.

question

Multicultural education

answer

Education in which the goal is to help students from minority cultures develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures.

question

How would you explain multicultural education and how it has developed overtime to reflect our changing culture?

answer

multicultural education was established to help minority students achieves competence in the culture of the majority group while recognizing original cultures and supporting a positive group identity. We are switching to a pluralistic society.

question

Intelligence

answer

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

question

Mental age

answer

the typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age.

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Chronological (physical) age

answer

a person's age according to the calendar

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Intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

a sw that expresses the ratio between a person's mental and chronological age

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Stanford-Binet intelligence scale

answer

a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested

question

How would you compare traditional public schooling with alternatives?

answer

Charter schools are independent public schools that are run by a small amount of people. They are small and focus on a certain subject (arts or science). They are provided by public funds and students can attend for free. Homeschooled students generally do well on standardized tests and acceptance rate into college is equal to traditionally schooled children. Critics say that homeschooling limits social interaction, doesn't provide a diverse environment, and homes may lack the technology that others schools have.

question

How can intelligence be measured?

answer

by using an IQ test or other intelligence tests

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV)

answer

a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score.

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Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)

answer

an intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking

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Fluid intelligence

answer

intelligence that reflects info-processing capabilities reasoning and memory

question

Crystallized intelligence

answer

the accumulation of info, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations.

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Triarchic theory of intelligence

answer

the belief that intelligence consists of 3 aspects of info-processing: componential element, experiential element, and contextual element.

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Intellectual disability

answer

a significantly subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in 2 or more skills

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Mild intellectual disability

answer

IQ score: 50 or 55-70

question

Moderate intellectual disability

answer

IQ score: 35 or 40-50 or 55

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Severe intellectual disability

answer

IQ score: 20 or 25-35 or 40

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Profound intellectual disability

answer

IQ score: below 20 or 25

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Gifted/ talented

answer

showing evidence of high-performance capability in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas in leadership capacity or in specific academic fields.

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Acceleration

answer

provision of special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping grades.

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Enrichment

answer

approach through which students are kept at grade level, but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic.

question

How do you describe the bias in traditional intelligence tests?

answer

Most traditional IQ measures have been constructed using white, middle-class English speakers. Children from different cultures may perform badly because the test questions are biased in favor of the majority.

question

How do alternative conceptions of intelligence differ from traditional definitions?

answer

Traditional measures find intelligence to be a unitary mental ability. Alternative conceptions stress that intelligence is multidimensional.

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How do children who fall outside the normal range of intelligence get educated?

answer

Children who are both above and below the norm benefit from special educational programs. Acceleration and enrichment are used to educate children who are gifted and talented.

question

Industry-vs-inferiority stage

answer

according to Erikson, the period from age 6-12 that is characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world.

question

How do children's view of themselves change during middle childhood?

answer

Personal challenges Engaged in making a place for themselves in the social world by working increasingly with others and navigating through different social groups and roles. They begin to view themselves in psychological characteristics and differentiate their concepts into different areas.

question

Social comparison

answer

the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others.

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Self-esteem

answer

an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation

question

How would you explain the importance of self-esteem?

answer

Children with low self-esteem can become trapped in a cycle of failure

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What sorts of relationships and friendships are typical in middle childhood?

answer

Children's understanding of friendship passes through stages; from a focus on mutual thinking and time spent together through the consideration of personal traits and the rewards that friendship provides to an appreciation of intimacy and loyalty.

question

What personality traits lead to popularity?

answer

popular children generally are helpful to others, have a good sense of humor, are able to understand the emotions of others, and can control their nonverbal behavior.

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Social competence

answer

the collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings

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Social-problem solving

answer

the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others.

question

How does gender affect friendships in middle childhood?

answer

Male: groups, clear dominance hierarchies, and restrictive play Female: Involve 1-2 close friends, equal status, reliance on cooperation

question

Dominance hierarchy

answer

rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group

question

How does ethnicity affect friendship?

answer

Cross-race friendships diminish in frequency as children age. Equal-status interactions among members of different racial groups can lead to improved understanding, acceptance, and mutual respect as well as a decreased tendency to stereotype.

question

How would you explain the cause of bullying and how is it prevented?

answer

Bullying is associated with a history of watching violent TV, misbehavior at home, and an abusive family life. School-based programs focus on training students to intervene when bullying occurs.

question

How would you describe today's changing home environment?

answer

The home environment has changed significantly over the past decades. (working parents, single parents, and divorce) Parents and children need to achieve coregulation as a way to accommodate the children's need for increased independence.

question

When both parents work outside the home, what is the effect on the children?

answer

Children in families which both parents work, generally fare well. Self-care children who fend for themselves after school may develop independence, and a sense of competence and contribution.

question

Coregulation

answer

a period in which parent and children jointly control children's behavior

question

Self-care children

answer

children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work. (Latchkey children)

question

How do today's diverse family arrangements affect children?

answer

Divorce can have serious effects on children. Single-parent families depend on the financial condition and the hostility among the parents. Multigenerational families can make for a rich living, but are prone to conflict due to the difference in parenting styles. Blended families present challenges to the child, but can also offer opportunities for increased school interaction.

question

Blended family

answer

a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them

question

How would you describe race and poverty on a child's family life?

answer

African Americans have a strong sense of family. They are usually headed by the mother or grandmother. Hispanics have a strong sense of family and religion. Their families are usually large and extended. Asians have a strong father figure and family always comes first.

question

What is the nature of group care in the 21st century?

answer

The children living in group care become victims of abuse and neglect. 25% of them will spend their childhood in group care. Group care is neither good nor bad. It depends on the characteristics of the staff.

Child Development Ch. 11-13 (Middle Childhood) – Flashcards

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