CHEMISTRY SPRING FINAL LETS GET IT – Flashcards
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Avogadro's number
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- 6.02 · 10^23 - 6.0221367 · 10^23 which is particles in a mole
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The Mole Triangle
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- divide in (divis *IN*) - multiply out
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Mole Triangle conversions
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- particles (and all under it) ÷ 6.02x10^23 = mole - mole · 6.02x10^23 = particles - mole · molar mass = mass (g) - mass ÷ molar mass = mole
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particles (in the Mole Triangle)
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- particles - atoms - ions - molecules - formula units
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molar mass
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- mass in grams of one mole of any pure substances
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mole (mol)
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- SI unit used to measure amount of substance - used to count atoms, molecules, ions, and formula units
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mole to mole (B.E. = Balanced Equation)
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given mol · unknown/known (*B.E.*) = mol
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mole to mass (P.T. = Periodic Table)(B.E. = Balanced Equation)
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given mol · unknown/known(*B.E.*) · molar mass of unknown(*P.T.*) = mass (grams)
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mass to mole (P.T. = Periodic Table)(B.E. = Balanced Equation)
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given mass · 1 mol/molar mass of known(*P.T.*) · unknown/known(*B.E.*) = mol
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mass to mass (P.T. = Periodic Table)(B.E. = Balanced Equation)
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given mass · 1 mol/molar mass of known(*P.T*) · unknown/known(*B.E.*) · molar mass of unknown = mass (grams)
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percent composition/yield
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mass of the element ----------------------- · 100 = % mass of the compound (total mass)
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mole ratio
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- ratio between the number of moles of any two substances - mole to mole formula or unknown/known
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chemical reaction
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process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.
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limiting reactant
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- limits extent of reaction - will run out first - all will be used
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excess reactant
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- leftover reactent - not completely used - an abundance
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stoichiometry
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the proportional relationship between two or more substances during a chemical reaction
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Boyle's Law Definition
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volume of a fixed amount of gas held at a constant temperature inversely with pressure
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Boyle's Law Formula
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P1V1 = P2V2
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Charles' Law Definition
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volume and temperature are directly related
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Charles' Law Formula
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V1T2 = V2T1
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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pressure of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the Kelvin temperature when the volume remains constant
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Gay-Lussac's Law Formula
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P1T2 = P2T1 (temperature must be Kelvin)
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absolute zero
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the lowest temperature possible
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Avogadro's Principle
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equal volumes of gases at the same temperature, and pressure containinf equal number of particles
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molar volume
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For a gas, the volume that one mole occupies at 0.00 o C and 1.00 atm pressure
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Combined Gas Law
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P1V1T2=P2V2T1
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Ideal Gas Law Formula
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PV = nRT
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PV = nRT
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- P = pressure - V = volume (must be L or Liters) - n = number of moles (grams or molar mass, they're the same thing) - R = constant (8.31 kPa, 0.0821 atm, 62.4 Torr/mmHg) - T = temperature (Kelvin)
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conversion to kelvin
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celsius + 273 = Kelvin
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energy
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the ability to do work or cause change
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potential energy
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energy of position
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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thermochemistry
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the study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state
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heat
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energy in the process of flowing from a warmer object to a cooler object
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heat equation steps
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1- q=mcΔt 2- heat of combustion = q (J) ÷ fuel burned (g) (candle) > convert to KJ (formula for that in quizlet) 3- molar heat of combustion = heat of combustion x molar mass (given) 4- combustion equation = fuel(given) + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + energy (#3) 5- exothermic graph
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keep going!!!
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you're doing great!!!
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loss of energy
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temperature decreases
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gain of energy
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temperature increases
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chemical potential energy
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the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
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law of conservation of energy
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energy can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical and physical changes
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exothermic reaction
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- formation of chemical bonds that release energy - release of thermal energy
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endothermic reaction
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energy must be continously added to pull apart atoms
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calorie
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Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C
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how to calculate total heat
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q = mcΔt
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summary of total heat formula
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- q = heat (Joules or J) - m = mass (g or grams) - c = specific heat constant (J/g-c) - Δt = change in temperature (final - initial, must be in Celsius)
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water specific heat
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4.184
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Joule (J)
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unit of energy
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heat capacity
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the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object exactly 1°C
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converting to kilojoules
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1 KJ = 1000 J number of joules divided by 1000
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molar heat of combustion
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heat of combusion • molar mass of fuel = molar heat of combustion
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heat of combustion formula
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total heat ------------ = J/g grams
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heat of combustion definition
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the heat of reaction for the complete burning of one mole of a substance
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generic formula for burning
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fuel + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + energy fuel + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + energy
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acidic solution
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- taste sour or tart - conducts electricity - H+ > OH- - H+ producers
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basic solution
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- bitter - conducts electricity - OH- producers
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Arrhenius model
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that acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H +), and that bases ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH −).
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Brønsted-Lowry model
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- focuses on H+ ions - acid = H+ donor - base= H+ acceptor
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woohoo!!!!
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you're almost there :))
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conjugate base
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the particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion
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another name for base
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alkali
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why are some acids and bases good conductors of electricity?
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they form electrolytes in their solutions
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conjugate acid
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the particle formed when a base accepts/gains a hydrogen ion
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pH
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-log [H+] or -log [H3O+]
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pOH
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-log[OH-]
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pH + pOH =
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14
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H+
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antilog [-pH]
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OH-
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antilog [-pOH]
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monoprotic acids
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acid that only donates one proton or hydrogen atom
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diprotic acids
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acids capable of donating two proton or hydrogen atms
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triprotic acids
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acid which donates three proton or hydrogen atoms
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strong acid
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An acid that ionizes completely in aqueous solution
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strong base
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a base that dissociates completely into ions in solution
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weak acid
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an acid that is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution
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weak base
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a base that does not dissociate completely into ions in solution
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GOOD LUCK WITH FINALS!!!!
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YOURE GONNA ACE THE FINAL!!!
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ion product of water
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H2O --> H+ + OH-
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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pH of water
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7, neutral
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how to determine a limiting reactant
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1 - find moles (mass to mol) 2 - mole ratio (unknown ÷ known) 3 - determine limiting reactant 4 - find mass if necessary
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litmus paper
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paper with dye that reacts when an acid or base comes into contact with it
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litmus test colors
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-acid = red -base = blue
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when acids react with metals...
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yield hydrogen gas
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when acids react with metal carbonates...
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yield carbon dioxide
