Chemistry I 2nd Semester Exam – Flashcards
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| Covalent Bonds |
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| Electrons shared between nonmentals |
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| Ionic Bonds |
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| Electrons transferred between a metal and a nonmental |
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| Properties of covalent bonds |
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| Low boiling and melting points poor electricity conductors powdery solids composed of molecules exist as solids, liquids, and gases |
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| VSEPR Theory letters represent: |
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| Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion |
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| VSEPR Theory definition |
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| Molecules get their shape from the repulsion (or lack of) from unshared electrons |
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| Linear Molecule shape |
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| Two atoms bonded with each other. No shared electrons. |
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| Trigonal Planar |
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| Three atoms bonded to one central atom with no unshared electrons. The central atom is usually Boron. |
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| Bent |
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| Two atoms bonded to one central atom with unshared electrons. Central atom in the Oxygen group. |
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| Tetrahedral |
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| Four atoms bonded to one central atom with no unshared electrons. Central atom in the Carbon group |
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| Pyramidal |
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| Three atoms bonded to one central atom with unshared electrons. Central atom in the Nitrogen group. |
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| Trigonal Planar |
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| Three atoms bonded to one central atom with no unshared electrons. Central atom usually Boron. |
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| Trigonal Bipyramidal |
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| Five atoms bonded to one central atom with no unshared electrons. Central atom in the Nitrogen group |
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| Octahedral |
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| Six atoms bonded to a central atom with no unshared electrons; Central atom in the Oxygen group. |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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| In a chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed |
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| How do you calculate Molarity? |
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| Moles of solute over liters of solution |
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| How do you calculate the percent by mass? |
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| The grams of the substance over the total amount of substance + other things multiplied by 100 |
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| Moles of A to Moles of B |
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| Moles of A x Moles of B ___________ ___________ 1 Moles of A in problem |
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| Moles of A to Particles of A |
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| AVOGADRO'S NUMBER NEEDED Moles of A x Avo's Num; both over 1 |
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| Particles of A to Moles of A |
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| Particles of A x 1 _______________ _________ 1 Avo's Num |
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| Grams of A to Grams of B (these are the long ones) |
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| Grams of A x Moles of A x Moles of B x MM ___________ ____________ ____________ 1 MM of A Moles of A |
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| Moles of A to Grams of A |
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| Moles of A x MM of A both over 1 |
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| Grams of A to Moles of A |
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| Grams of A x 1 mol of whatever ___________ __________________ 1 Molar mass of A |
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| Polar Bond |
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| A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally |
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| Nonpolar Bond |
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| A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally |
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| Polar molecule |
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| Unequal distribution of electrons in a molecule |
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| Nonpolar molecule |
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| Equal distribution of electrons in a molecule |
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| Solution |
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| A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase |
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| Two parts of a solution |
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| Solute + Solvent |
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| Solute's being dissolved, solvent's doing the dissolving |
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| Difference between solute + solvent |
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| Colloid |
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| Mixture with tiny particles and do not settle |
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| Suspension |
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| Mixture with large particles dispersed evenly; settles. |
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| Concentration |
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| Amount of a substance in a given quantity of solution |
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| Molarity |
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| Moles of solute dissolves in liters of solution |
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| Saturated Solution |
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| A solution that can hold no more solute |
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| Unsaturated solution |
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| A solution that can hold more solute |
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| Supersaturated solution |
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| A solution that is under certain conditions and can hold more solute than normal |
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| Electrolyte |
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| A substance that, when dissolved in water, lets that liquid produce electricity |
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| Nonelectrolyte |
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| A liquid that can't conduct electricity |
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| Colligative Property |
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| A physical effect of the solute on the solvent |
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| Emulsion |
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| A mixture of two or more immiscible liquids. |
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| Limiting Reactant |
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| Reactant that limits the outcome |
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| Excess reactant |
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| Reactant left over after reaction |
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| Theoretical yield |
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| amount estimated to come out as the product |
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| Percent Yield |
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| Actual over theoretical x 100 |
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| THEORETICAL YIELD PROBLEMS FOLLOW |
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| Grams of A to Moles of A |
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| Volume |
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| Space occupied by matter. Volume of gas = volume of container |
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| Moles |
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| Amount of particles in gas sample. 6.02x10^23 A's C. |
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| Temperature |
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| Measure of average kinetic energy - Kelvin: C + 273 |
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| Pressure |
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| Force per unit area |
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| What increases pressure exerted by gas? |
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| Increasing the number of gas particles. |
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| What decreases pressure exerted by gas? |
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| Decreasing the amount of gas particles. |
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| What increases the pressure of gas in a container? |
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| Reducing the size of the container |
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| What decreases gas' pressure in a container? |
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| Increasing the size of the container |
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| What increases pressure of the gas involving temperature? |
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| Heating it |
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| What decreases pressure of a gas involving temperature? |
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| Cooling it |
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| Gases _____ when compressed. |
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| Liquefy |
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| Boyle's Law |
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| P1V1 P2V2 |
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| Charles' Law |
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| V1 = V2 __ __ T1 T2 |
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| Gay-Lussac's |
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| P1=P2 __ __ T1 T2 |
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| Avogadro's Principle |
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| Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles. |
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| Combined gas law |
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| P1V1=P2V2 ____ ____ T1 T2 |
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| Ideal Gas Law; universal gas constant |
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| PV=nRT; .0821 Liters x ATM/Mol x K |
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| Alkanes |
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| Single bonds between carbons |
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| Alkenes |
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| Double bonds between carbons |
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| Alkynes |
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| Triple bonds between carbons |
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| Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept, Oct, Non, Dec |
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| Ten prefixes for hydrocarbons |
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| Hydrocarbons |
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| Simplest organic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only |
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| Alcohol |
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| R-OH |
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| Ether |
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| R-O-R |
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| Aldehyde |
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| R-C-H =O |
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| Ketone |
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| R-C-R =O |
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| Carboxylic Acid |
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| R-C-OH =O |
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| Ester |
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| R-C-O-R =O |
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| Amine |
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| R-NH2 |
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| Polymers |
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| Large molecules consisting of many repeating subunits |
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| Monomers |
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| Individual subunits of polymers |
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| Polyethylene's monomer |
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| Ethylene |
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| Polyvinyl Chloride's monomer |
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| Vinyl Chloride |
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| Polytetrafluoroethylene's monomer |
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| Tetrafluoroethylene |
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| Polystyrene's monomer |
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| Styrene |
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| Carbohydrates' monomer |
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| Monosaccharides |
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| Proteins' monomer |
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| Amino Acids |
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| Nucleic Acids' monomer |
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| Nucleotides |
