Chemistry – First Semester Terms – Flashcards
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| mass |
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| the measure of matter in an object |
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| matter |
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| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| atom |
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| the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element |
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| element |
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| a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances |
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| compound |
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| a substance made up of atoms from two or more elements joined by chemical bonds |
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| physical property |
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| a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance |
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| physical change |
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| a change that does not involve the change in the identity of the substance |
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| chemical property |
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| substance's ability to undergo changes to transform it into different substances |
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| chemical change |
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| a change that turns a substance into an entirely different substance |
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| change of state |
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| a physical change of a substance from one state to another |
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| solid |
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| something that has a definite shape and a definite volume |
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| liquid |
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| something that has no definite shape but has a definite volume |
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| gas |
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| something that has neither a definite shape or volume |
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| pure substance |
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| a fixed composition that has exactly the same characteristic properties and has exactly the same composition |
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| mixture |
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| a blend of two or more kinds of matter that can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous |
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| homogeneous |
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| uniform in composition |
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| heterogeneous |
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| un-uniform in composition |
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| group |
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| a vertical column of elements in the periodic table (see family) |
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| family |
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| a vertical column of elements in the periodic table (see group) |
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| period |
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| a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
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| metal |
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| elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity |
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| nonmetal |
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| elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity |
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| metalloid |
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| accuracy |
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| how close the value is to the true or accepted value |
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| precision |
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| how reproducible the same value is |
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| isotope |
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| an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| mass number |
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| equal to the number of protons plus the number of electrons |
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| atomic mass unit |
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| a unit used for expressing masses in atoms or molecules |
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| mole |
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| a counting number for atoms |
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| Avogadro's number |
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| (6.0221 x 10(^23) atoms / 1 mole |
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| molar mass |
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| grams of element (an average) / mole |
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| ground state |
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| the lowest energy state of an atom or particle in its most stable state (neutral, no charge) |
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| excited state |
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| an atom or partial with a charge |
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| orbital |
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| holds electrons in shells |
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| electron configuration |
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| using numbers and letters, no indication of spin. ex: 1s(^2), 2s(^2), ... etc |
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| Aufbau principle |
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| an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it |
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| Pauli exclusion principle |
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| no more than two electrons in each drawer. when you have two electrons in the same drawer, they have to have different spins |
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| Hund's rule |
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| orbitals of equal energy are filled by placing a single electron in each orbital and then doubling up after that. when single electrons are placed in orbitals of equal energy, they must have the same spin state |
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| ion |
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| charged atoms |
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| ionization |
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| when atoms give up electrons (form cations) |
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| ionization energy |
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| the energy required to remove an electron from an atom |
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| electron affinity |
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| when atoms gain electrons (forms anions) |
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| cation |
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| a positive ion |
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| anion |
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| a negative ion |
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| valence electrons |
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| electrons that are available for bonding |
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| electronegativity |
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| measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons from other atoms (there is no transfer of electrons! it's how badly an element wants an electron!) |
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| chemical bond |
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| ionic bonding |
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| metal to nonmental bonding (transferring) |
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| covalent bonding |
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| nonmental to nonmetal bonding (sharing) |
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| nonpolar covalent bonding |
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| molecule |
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| structure type for COVALENT bonds (this vs ionic compounds) |
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| polar covalent bonding |
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| molecular compound |
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| a chemical compound where the simplest units are molecules |
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| molecular formula |
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| a formula that shows the number of atoms in a molecule |
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| electron-dot notation |
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| way to show an element with its valence electrons |
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| Lewis structure |
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| way to show bonds between COVALENT bonding |
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| structural formula |
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| a formula that indicates the location of atoms, number of bonds, and location of bonds |
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| ionic compound |
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| structure type for IONIC bonds (this vs molecules) |
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| formula unit |
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| a ratio of atoms - for IONIC bonding ex. NaCL, MgO, LiBr |
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| lattice energy |
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| the energy that holds the atoms together in an ionic compound |
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| metallic bonding |
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| metal to metal bonding |
