chemistry exam 4 – Flashcards

triagonal pyramidal

linear

bent

109.5 degrees

120 degrees

180 degrees

square planar

90,120,180

2 outer atoms 0 lone pairs 2 charge clouds

3 outer atoms, 0 lone pairs, 3 charge clouds

2 outer atoms 0 lone pairs 3 charge clouds

4 outer atoms 0 lone pairs 4 charge clouds

3 outer atoms 1 lone pair 4 charge clouds

2 outer atoms, 2 lone pairs, 4 charge clouds

5 outer atoms, 0 lone pairs 5 charge clouds

4 outer atoms 1 lone pair 5 charge clouds

3 outer atoms 2 lone pairs 5 charge clouds

2 outer atoms 3 lone pairs 5 charge clouds

6 outer atoms 0 lone pairs 6 charge clouds

5 outer atoms 2 lone pairs 6 charge clouds

4 outer atoms 2 lone pairs 6 charge clouds

linear

trigonal planar

tetrahedral

trigonal bipyramidal

octahedral

octahedral

square pyramidal

90 degrees

sp3d2

polar bonds/polar molecule

valence = 7 electrons

number of orbitals=6

sp3d2

trigonal planar

120 degrees

sp2

stability, bond length, bond order, and magnetism of a molecule can be predicted from its molecular orbital configuration

F2+ F2 F2-

PV=nRT pressure, volume liters, n moles, 8.3 gas constant, T in kelvin

X= moles of component 1/total moles in mixture

mole fraction x total pressure

P total= (n1+n2+n3+..)RT/ V = nTotal RT/V

more-massive gas molecules in the sample have lower rms speed than less-massive ones

In both solids and liquids, the molecules are held very closely together and therefore their densities are about the same. In gases, there is space between the molecules.

The molecules in solids are arranged in a regular pattern that does not allow for diffusion, although does allow for vibrations. The arrangement of molecules in a liquid, although not completely random, is not completely fixed. Molecules in a gas are randomly arranged and move very quickly. Gases diffuse quickly in comparison to liquids.

Since the molecules in solids and liquids are already very close together, applying pressure does not greatly affect the volume. In contrast, the space between gas molecules allows for a great deal of compressibility. Although temperature changes will cause slight variations in the volume of a solid or liquid, those variations are negligible compared to the thermal expansion of a gas.

A solid does not take the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the container. A liquid takes the shape of its container but does not expand to fill it. A gas takes the shape of its container and expands to fill it.

1 L of substance in the solid phase 1 L of substance in liquid phase (same) 1 L of substance in the gas phase

high viscosity high boiling point high surface tension low vapor pressure

low surface tension low boiling point low viscosity high vapor pressure

describe the attractions between two or more molecules.

result from the attraction of the positive end of one polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule.

a particularly strong type of dipole-dipole force that occurs when hydrogen is attached to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. Water is an example of a substance in which hydrogen bonding occurs. Because of oxygen's high electronegativity and the electron deficiency of the hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atoms are attracted to the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of another water molecule.

These forces are very weak and are only important in the absence of any other intermolecular force. Nonpolar covalent molecules and single-atom molecules are examples of substances that lack all other intermolecular forces except for dispersion. Dispersion forces result from shifting electron clouds, which can cause a weak, temporary dipole.

NF3

NH3

CH4

covalent

ionic

metallic

molecular

diamond, potassium chloride and ice

poor thermal conductivity low melting point

Ni

NiCl2

1

4

2

E to F B E to C C to E A C to D F to E D to C

liquid-gas equilibrium

solid

increase the pressure

exothermic

endothermic

slightly endothermic

k * P k is characteristic of the specific gas (mols/L) P is the partial pressure of the gas over the solution usually expressed in atmospheres

mass of component