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proton + neutron

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Nucleon

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nuclide; by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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In nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a what? what is it identified by?

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True

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True/False: The mass of an atom does not equal the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

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mass defect

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What is the difference between The mass of an atom does not equal the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom called?

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The mass defect is cause by the conversion of mass to energy upon the formation of the nucleus.

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What causes the mass defect?

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the mass defect can be converted to energy using Einstein's Equation E=mc^2 and is called ___.

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nuclear binding energy(energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons or energy required to break apart the nucleus).

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Binding energy is a measure of the stability of a nucleus.

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What does Binding energy a measure of?

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True

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True/False: Dalton thought that atoms were unchangeable.

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Marie Curie and Becquerel; Marie Curie

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What two scientists in the late 1800's began to notice that some elements spontaneously emitted particles and energy?(HINT: 2 People) Which one of the scientists named the process by which materials emit particles and energy (radioactivity).

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process by which materials emit particles and energy.

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Radioactivity

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radiation

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What are the emissions of radioactivity called?

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they changed into other elements

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What did scientists discover that radioactive elements did after emitting radiation?

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No

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Was Daltons thoughts on atoms correct?(HINT: He thought they were unchangeable)

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Radioactive decay

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What is it called when: some nuclei are unstable and gain stability by emitting radiation through process called___?

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True

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True/False: Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions?

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atoms tend to attain stability by transferring or sharing electrons. The nuclei remained unchanged.

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What happens in a chemical reaction?

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In nuclear reactions, the nuclei of unstable isotopes, called radioisotopes, gain stability by undergoing change. These changes are accompanied by the emission of large amounts of energy.

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What happens in a nuclear reaction?

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temperature, pressure, or catalysts.

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What does not effect a nuclear reaction?

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False, they cannot.

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True/False: Can nuclear reactions be speeded up, slowed down, or turned off.

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No, Radioisotopes are not chemically different from other isotopes of that element. It depends on the electron structure of an atom, not its nuclear make up.

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Are Radioisotopes chemically different from other isotopes of the same element?

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It depends on the electron structure of an atom, not its nuclear make up.

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What does chemical reactivity depend on?

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Nuclear decay illustrates the interconnected nature of matter and energy.

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What does nuclear decay illustrate?

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Matter is related to energy according to the equation E=mc^2 where c is a constant equal to the speed of light.

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(X) How is matter related to energy?

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Alpha particles, Beta particles, Positron emission, Electron capture, and Gama rays

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What are the different types of radiation?

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1. Helium-4 nucleus 2. Contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons ....(4/2 He) 3. Ejected from nucleus 4. +2 charge 5. Restricted almost entirely to very heavy nuclei 6. Low penetrating power because of large mass and charge.

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Alpha Particles(HINT: 6 bullet points)

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sheet of paper or surface of your skin will shield them.

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What does it take to shield a alpha particle?

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True, Dangerous when ingested because they will travel short distance to penetrate tissue and cause damage.

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True/False: it is dangerous to ingest a alpha particle

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A new element, radon, is created as a result of the alpha decay of the unstable radium-226 nucleus

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Alpha Decay

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atomic and mass numbers are shown.

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Nuclear equation

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1.High-energy electrons .....(0/-1e) 2. -1 charge 3. Emitted from the nucleus when neutron is converted to proton and electron. 4. Atomic # (# protons) increases by one and mass # (#protons + # neutrons) stays the same. 5. More penetration than alpha particle because it has less charge and less mass. 6. Can penetrate paper, but stopped by aluminum foil and thin pieces of wood.

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Beta Particles(HINT: 6 bullet points)

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1. Same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge, and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay. 2. Proton can be converted into a neutron by emitting a positron. 3. Emitted by unstable nuclei with too many protons for the number of neutrons.

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Positron emission(Hint: 3 bullet points)

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Positron (emission)

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What is the antiparticle for an electron?

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1. An inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom. 2. Inner orbital electron combines with a proton to form a neutron.

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Electron capture(Hint:2 bullet points)

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1.High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state. .....(0/0y) 2. Possesses no mass and no electrical charge. 3. usually accompany alpha and beta radiation. 4. Account for most of the energy lost during radioactive decay. 5. Extremely penetrating and can be very dangerous. 6. Penetrate paper, wood,, and human body. 7. Stopped-although not completely-by several meters od concrete or several cm of lead.

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Gamma Rays(HINT: 7 bullet points)

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Small, Only 264 of the more than 1500 different nuclei are stable and do not decay or change.

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Is the percentage of different nuclei that are stable small or large?

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The stability of a nucleus depends on the [neutron]-to-[proton] ratio.

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The stability of a nucleus depends on a ____to____ ratio.

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As the number of protons in the nucleus increases, there is a need for neutrons to counteract the effect of proton-proton repulsion.

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*(stared)As the number of protons increases, the number of neutrons_____.

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Stable nuclei with low atomic numbers (up to 20) have approximately equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

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What type of nuclei with a low atomic numbers (up to 20) have approximate equal numbers of protons and neutrons?

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For nuclei with higher atomic numbers, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons.

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For nuclei with higher atomic number what happens to the number of neutrons to protons?

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A neuron-versus-proton plot of all stable nuclei forms a pattern called the band of stability in which all stable nuclei are found. the band ends at element 83.

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What is the band of stability?

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The band ends at element 83. All nuclei that have an atomic number greater than 83 are radioactive.

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What element does the band of stability end at? What property do elements after the end of the band have?

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The neutron-to-proton ration helps determine the type of decay that occurs.

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What determines the type of decay that occurs?

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Every radioisotope has a characteristic rate of decay measured by its half-life.

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Every radioisotope has a characteristic rate of decay measured by its _____.

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True;No two radioactive isotopes decay at the same rate-it is unique to that isotope.

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True/False: No two radioactive isotopes decay at the same rate.

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False; Half-lives can be as short as a fraction of a second or as long as billions of years.

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True/False: Half-life's can only last a short period of time.

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is the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay.

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Half-life

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After each half-life, half of the existing radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element.

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After each half-life,____ of the existing radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element.

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1. (AGE)Scientist use the half-lives of some radioisotopes found in nature to determine the age of ancient artifacts. 2. (MEDS)Many artificially produced isotopes have half-lives and can be used in nuclear medicine.

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What are two examples of Half-life's being used?

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One nuclear reaction is not always enough to produce a stable nuclide.

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Can one nuclear reaction be enough to produce a stable nuclide?

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series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is produced.

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What is a Decay series?

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the heaviest nuclide of each decay series.

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What is a Parent nuclide?

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nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclide.

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What is a Daughter nuclides?

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The conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element is called transmutation.

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What is a transmutation?

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1. by radioactive decay and 2. when particles (protons, neutrons, or alpha particles) bombard the nucleus of an atom.

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Transmutation can occur in what ways/caused by(HINT: 2 bullet points)

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True; carbon-14 is produced in the upper atmosphere from nitrogen-14.

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True/False: Many transmutations occur in nature.

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yes, many others are done in laboratories or in nuclear reactors.;The earliest artificial transmutation was performed by Rutherford in 1919 when he bombarded nitrogen-14 gas with alpha particles emitted by radium to produce fluorine-18 then oxygen-17 plus a proton. (See page 807)

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Do transmutations occur in laboratories or in nuclear reactors?

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The elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called the transuranium elements.

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What are elements above the atomic number 92 called?

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1. All the transuranium elements undergo transmutation. 2. None of them occur in nature. 3. All of them are radioactive. 4. They have been synthesized in nuclear reactors and nuclear accelerators.

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Transuranium elements(HINT: 4 bullet points)

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Artificial radioactive nuclides are radioactive nucleides not found naturally on Earth.

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What are Artificial radioactive nuclides?

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They are made by artificial transmutations - bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles

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How are Artificial radioactive nuclides made/formed?

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bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles.

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What is artificial transmutations?

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Because they have no charge.; Yes, Charged particles like protons, alpha particles, or other ions are repelled by the nucleus and require great energy to bombard the nucleus. The energy may be supplied by accelerating these particles in the magnetic or electrical field of a particle accelerator.

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Why can neutrons penetrate the nucleus of an atom easily? Is it harder with protons?

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a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass.

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What is Nuclear Fission?

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False, Fission produces enormous amounts of energy.

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True/False: Nuclear fission produces small amounts of energy.

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Nuclear fission can occur spontaneously or when nuclei are bombarded by particles.

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When does nuclear fission occur?

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Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are the only fissionable isotopes.

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What are the 2 only fissionable isotopes?

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a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction.

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What is a Chain Reaction?

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When fission of an atom bombarded by neutrons produces more neutrons.(what started it produces by it)

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What is an example of a Nuclear Chain Reaction?

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the minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction.

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What is Critical mass?

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Uncontrolled chain reactions provide the explosive energy of atomic bombs.

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______ chain reaction provide the explosive energy of atomic bombs.

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use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides.

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What do/are Nuclear reactors?

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Nuclear power plants use heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.

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Nuclear power plants use____ from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.

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light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.

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What is Nuclear Fusion?

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Nuclear Fusion releases more energy per gram of fuel than nuclear fission.

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_____Releases more energy per gram of fuel than nuclear fission.

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In our sun and other stars, four hydrogen nuclei combine at extremely high temperature and pressure to form a helium nucleus with a loss of mass and release of energy. ////The Sun converts 564 million tons of hydrogen to 560 million tons of helium every second with the equivalent of 4 million tons of mass being transformed into energy. According to one author, the energy output in one second by the Sun would supply the entire energy consumption by the United States for 1 million years! Luckily only one two-billionths of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth! Otherwise we would be cooked to a cinder! It is estimated that it has lost only 1/40,000 of its mass since it became a star.

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How/ give an example of Nuclear fusion.

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Uncontrolled fusion reactions of hydrogen are the source of energy for the hydrogen bomb.

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_____ ______reactions of hydrogen are the source of energy for the hydrogen bomb.

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A fission reaction is used to provide the heat and pressure necessary to trigger the fusion of the nuclei.

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A _____ _______ is used to provide the heat and pressure necessary to trigger the _______ of the nuclei.

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ionizing radiation.

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Radiation emitted by radioisotopes is called what?

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is radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ions (charged atoms).

answer

Ionizing Radiation is....?

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1.Geiger counters 2.Scintillation counters 3.Film badges

answer

What ways can you detect radiation?(HINT: 3 ways)

question

1.Neutron activation analysis---(Procedure used to detect trace amounts of elements in samples. Used by museums to detect art forgeries. Used by crime labs to analyze gun-powder residues.) 2.Tracers---(Radioisotopes used in agriculture to test the effects of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. Also monitored in animals that consume the plants.0 3.Radioisotopes used to diagnose medical problems---(Used to detect thyroid problems (Iodine -131). Used to detect brain tumors and liver disorders (technetium -99). Used to detect skin cancer (phosphorus -32). 4.Used to treat diseases---(Radiation therapy is used to kill cancerous cells (gamma rays). Teletherapy -narrow beam of gamma rays is directed at cancerous tissue. Salts of radioisotopes are sealed and implanted in tumors. They emit beta and gamma rays that kill surrounding cancer cells.)

answer

What are some uses of Radiation?(HINT: 4 ways)

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