Chemistry Chapter 2 – Flashcards

study of matter

anything that takes up space, solid, liquid, gas

wood to wood chips, chewing

wood, burned

substance that can't be broken down to simpler form, contains millions and millions of atoms. Four elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen) make up 96% of the body weight.

inside the nucleus, protons + and Neutrons, no charge....outside nucleus, electrons negative charge two on first shell, 8 on each additional shell, same amount of protons and electrons in each atom

substance that forms when two ore more different atoms bond (H2O)

4 major Elements in the body, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

smallest unit of an element, composed of three sumatomic particles; neautrons, protons, and electrons

number of protons in the nucleus

a substance formed by two or more atoms (O2,H2O)

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

an atom with the same atomic number but a different atomic weight...a different form of the same atom ex..heavy hydrogen

unstable isotopes,

process of spontaneous breakdown(decay),...damaging to tissue, used clinically to destroy cells ex destroy cancer cells

shells surround the nucleus, Inner shell only has two electrons, the second and third shells each hold eight electrons.. number of shells vary from one atom to the next, ex..hydrogen has only one shell, sodium has 3 shells

The electrical attraction between atoms...the tendency of the outer shell to want to become stable(8 electrons)...either gives up electrons to empty the shell,or acquire electrons to fill the shell...like force of two magnets

Outer shell, unstable, atom either transfer (donating) of electrons or adding of electrons, stabilze the shells of the atom, forming a bond,

Carbon atoms always form a covalent bond....strong bond, sharing of electrons by the outer shells of the atoms, "joining hands" ex, H2O, Hydrogen and Oxygen bond..

study of carboncontaining substances

study of non-carbon containing substances

intermolecular bond, not caused by either the transfer or sharing..weak attraction between water molecules..

Sodium, fluid balance (EXTRACELLULAR (outside the cell) cation);nerve muscle function

Cation Calcium, component of bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction

Cation Iron, component of hemoglobin (oxygen transport)

Cation Hydrogen, important in acid base balance

Cation Potassium, nerve and muscle function, chief intracellular (inside the cell) cation

Cation Ammonium, important in acid base regulation

Anion Chloride, primary extracellular anion

Anion Bicarbonate, important in acid base regulation

Anion Phosphate, component of bones and teeth, component of ATP (energy)

elements that carry an electrical charge

postive charge ion ex..11protons, 10 electrons...+1 net charge....cation

negative charge ion ex..17 protons, 18 electrons..-1 net charge, anion

Univeral Solvent, Temperature regulator, Ideal lubricant, role in chemical reactions, protective device

Oxygen, molecule composed of two oxygen atoms (O2), exists in nature as a gas, we breathe 21%

one carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, waste product, made when food is chemically broken down for energy

process, atoms of molecules or compounds, interact to form new chemical combination ex...glucose to oxygen...CO2

speed up the rate of a chemcial reaction,, most chemical reactions require a catalysts

when proteins preform role of catalysts

molecule that has a lopsided charge

an electrolyte that dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+)

substance that combines with H+ and eliminates H+, neautralizes an acid by producing a salt and water

measure acidity and alkalinity...7 is neutral

pH less than 7

pH greater than 7

7.35-7.45

person with a pH less than 7.35

person with a pH more than 7.45

regulated by buffers, the respiratory system and the kidneys

substance that forms ions when dissolved in water..capable of conducting an electrical charge. ex..ECG< EKG

energy that causes movement ex. legs in running, contraction of heart muscle,, causing movement of blood

energy stored in chemical bonds. ex.. fuel to do work, like running

energy released from the movement of charged particles ex. electrical signal along nerves

energy that travels in waves ex. Light;stimulates the eyes for vision;ultraviolet radiation from the sun and tanning

energy transferree because of a temperature difference ex..responsible for body temperature

energy released during the decay of radioactive substances such as isotopes ex. Not useful physiologically

the ability to perform work

combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means.

carry a positve electrical charge

carry no electrical charge

carry a negative electrical charge

neutralizes acids and bases, respiratory system, renal system

1-4 (acidic)

vinegar, wine, lemon juice

5-8 (acidic)

7, H2O water

8-10, alkaline, or base

soap, ammonia, sodium hydroxide