Chemistry List – Flashcards
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| Anion |
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| An atom that gains electrons |
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| Cation |
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| An atom that loses electrons |
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| There are ___ naturally occuring radioactive isotopes. |
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| 50 |
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| bonding capacity |
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| the number of electrons an atom needs to fill its valence energy shell |
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| Radioactive isotopes can be used: |
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| -to determine age or rocks, fossils & artifacts -as tracers/tags to show where chemical reactions are occuring (PET; detects cancer radiation) -to preserve food & treat cancer |
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| Electronegativity |
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| ability of an atom to attract electrons (determined by number of protons; oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen) |
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| Hydrogen bonds |
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| -links together molecules -found between polar molecules |
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| Acid and base neutralize, forming... |
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| water and salt |
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| pH of blood |
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| 7.4 |
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| buffers |
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| prevent sharp rises/falls of pH; weak acid or base |
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| Large organic molecules: What are? Where found? |
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| -carbohydrates (CHO) -proteins POLYMERS Found in living things -lipids (fats) -nucleic acid |
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| Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) |
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| "Building" Monomers to a polymer H20 is removed; monomers connected by an oxygen Energy MUST be added Eg. Photosynthesis |
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| Hydrolysis |
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| "Splitting" Polymer --> Monomer H20 must be added Energy is released Eg. Respiration |
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| Carbohydrates (CHO) |
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| basic energy source of life made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen C:H:O = 1:2:1 Structure is linear chain or ring |
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| Isomer |
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| molecule has same formula, different structure Eg. 3 isomers of C6H12O6: glucose, fructose, & galactose |
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| monosaccharides |
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| simple sugars, used for fuel, converted to other organic molecules, combined into polymers Eg. glucose, fructose, galactose |
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| Disaccharides |
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| 2 simple sugars; double sugar Eg. maltose, sucrose, lactose |
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| glucose |
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| main energy source for all cells |
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| fructose |
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| sweetest sugar; in fruit |
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| galactose |
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| least sweet sugar |
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| maltose |
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| malt sugar = glucose + glucose |
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| sucrose |
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| Table sugar = glucose + fructose |
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| lactose |
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| milk sugar = glucose + galactose |
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| polysaccharides |
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| starches/complex sugars; many sugar units Eg. cellulose, gycogen, plant starch, chitin |
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| cellulose |
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| plant cell walls chain of inverse sugars can't digest (without help of bacteria, which cows & termites have) fiber durable, flexible, most organic compound found on Earth |
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| glycogen |
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| animal starch; stored in liver & muscle cell highly branched |
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| plant starch |
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| stored in plant vacuoles Eg. bread, corn, potato |
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| chitin |
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| exoskeletons of insects & crustations; fungi cell wall |
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| proteins |
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| 3D; 2 or more polypeptides; makes up cell parts, cell enzymes, collagen, & some hormones; accounts for variations between individuals of the same species; nutrients - provide energy made up of C, H, O, N |
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| polypeptide |
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| a chain of many amino acids |
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| Amino acids |
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| building blocks of protein; 20; ALL have: >AMINO GROUP (-NH2 >ACID GROUP (-COOH --> "carboxyl" group) >CENTRAL CARBON w/ HYDROGEN (--C-H) >R (radical) GROUP (varies; determines characteristics of the amino acid) |
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| Peptide bond |
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| special bond between 2 amino acids (between the amino group of 1 amino acide, and the acid group of the other amino acid) many combos protein type determined by DNA |
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| Essential amino acids |
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| 12; cannot make in body and must be obtained daily through food |
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| denaturation |
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| the protein loses shape and no longer functions; irreversible could have been damaged by heat/acid Eg. raw egg white + heat --> boiled egg white |
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| lipids |
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| fats(triglycerides), oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, & chlorophyll used for building cell parts (cell membrane) and for energy reserves C,H,O hydrocarbons |
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| tryglyceride |
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| 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains hydrophobic |
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| saturated fat |
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| "bad"; low density lipoprotein every carbon is filled with H NO double bonded carbons solid at room temperature hard to mix with water |
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| unsaturated fat |
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| "good"; High density lipoprotein not all C filled with H 1 or more double bonded carbons liquid at room temperature (because of crooked shape; can't compact) vegetable/fish oil |
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| monounsaturated fat |
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| one double bond between carbons |
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| polyunsaturated fats |
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| 2 or more double bonds between carbons |
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| phospholipid |
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| 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol (opposed to 3) 3rd hydroxyl group of gycerol is joined by phosphate group PO3(-2) Amphipathic Big part of ALL cell membranes |
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| amphipathic |
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| has both polar/nonpolar regions; hydrophillic sides will shield hydrophobic sides from water |
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| steroids |
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| 4 fused rings of carbon atoms |
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| use of cholesterol |
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| animal cell membranes production of sex hormones vitamin D |
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| stucture development of protein (4 degrees) |
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| 1) Primary structure -- long chain of amino acids 2) Secondary structure -- alpha helix (coiling)shape 3)tertiery structure -- folding; bond break easily with acid/heat 4) Quaternary structure -- multiple poly peptides join and become a protein |
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| nucleic acids |
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| -used to control cell activities -carries genetic information -composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
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| nucleotides |
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| building blocks of nucleic acids sugar + nitrogen base (5-carbon sugar) + phosphate (difference between nucleic acid and a protein) |
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| DNA |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid double strand found mainly in cell nucleus |
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| RNA |
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| ribonucleic acid found in both nucleus and cytoplasm relates messages triple strand |
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| enzyme |
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| -protein -catalyst (lowers the amound of needed activation energy w/o increasing heat) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, NITROGEN 1 enzyme per reaction often ends in "-ase" |
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| active site |
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| specific part that matches shape w/ a substance "substrate" that enzyme acts on |
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| substrate |
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| a substance that starts a reaction; reactant |
