Chapters 14 – 3 (Exam 1) – Flashcards
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Social Psychology
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Scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
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Central Route Processing
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People thoughtfully consider issues and arguments involved in persuasion and people are swayed in their judgment by logic, merit, and strength of arguments
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Peripheral Route Processing
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Link between attitudes and behavior, and the person is persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to nature or quality of content; such as looks, emotional appeal, etc.
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Social Cognition
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The way people understand and make sense of others and themselves
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Schemas
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Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences
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Social Influence
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Process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others
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Groups
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Consists of two or more people who: interact with one another, perceive themselves as part of a group and are independent
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Foot in the door technique
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Ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with a more Important one
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Door in the face technique
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Makes a large request, expecting to get refused and then requests a smaller one
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Stereotypes
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Set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and it's members
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Prejudice
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A negative or positive evluation of a group and it's members
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Discrimination
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Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
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Psychology
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Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Behvioral Neuroscience
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Examines how the brain and the nervous system as well as other biological processes determine behavior
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Experimental Psychology
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Studies the processes of sensing, perciving, learning, and thinking aboubthe world
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Cognitive Psychology
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How people process new information
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Developmental Psychology
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Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death
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Personality Psychology
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Focuses on the consistency in peoples behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another
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Health psychology
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Explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease
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Clinical Psychology
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Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
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Structuralism
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Wilhelmina Wundt, focused on uncovering the fundamental mental commoners of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activites
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Introspection
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Early psychologist studied the mind by asking people to describe what they were experiencing when exposed to various stimuli
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Functionalism
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William James, concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions, steam of conciousness
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Sigmund Freud
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Psychodynamic Perspective- behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. Placed emphasis on unconscious. Explore childhood to find problem
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Theories
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Broad explanations and predidxtions concerning phenomena of interest
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Hypothesis
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Prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested
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Operational Definition
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Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed
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Correlational Research
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Two sets of variables are examined to determine wether they are associated or correlated
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Variables
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Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary in some way
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Experimental Research
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Researcher investigates the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of situation
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Neurons
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Basic elements of nervous system; as many as 1 trillion
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Dendrites
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Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons
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Synapse
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Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a recording neuron by using chemical messages
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a reciieving neuron
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Exacitatory Messages
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Increse likelihood that neuron will fire
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Inhibitory Messages
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Decrease likelihood hat neuron will fire
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Reuptake
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Reabsorption by the terminal button
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Dopamine
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Variety of Behaviors and emotions learning
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Seratonin
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Mood molecules; regulation of sleep dreaming mood eating pain and aggressive behavior
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Central Nervous system
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Spinal cord and brain: bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and it's main means for transmitting messages between brain and body
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Sensory Neurons
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Afferent; transmits information from perimeterof body to CNS; senses light sight sounds smells
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Motor Neurons
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Efferent; neurons that communicate information from Nervous system to muscle and glands
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Interneurons
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Connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic division, voluntary movements; Autonomic division, controls organs that function automatically
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Sympathetic Division
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Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all of the organisms resources to run away or confront the threat
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Parasympathetic Division
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Calms the body after emergency ends
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Behavioral Genetics
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Studies the effects of herdity on behavior
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Hormones
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Chemicals that circulate through the body and regulate the functioning and growth of the body
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Pituitary Gland
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Master Gland; secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system
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Central Core of Brain
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Hindbrain
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Medulla of Brain
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breathing and heartbeat
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Pons of Brain
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Transmitter of motor information
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Cerebellum of Brain
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Balance
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Frontal Lobe
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behind the forehead
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Parietal Lobe
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part cerebral cortex, receives sensory information from throughout the body, voluntary movement, attention
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Temporal Lobe
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part of cerebral hemisphere, helps regulate hearing, balance and equilibrium, certain emotions and motivations, complex visual tasks
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Left Hemisphere of Brain
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Verbal competence, language, processes information sequentially, part of the cerebral hemisphere, receives and interprets visual info
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Right Hemisphere of Brain
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Spatial relationship, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, emotional expression, processes information globally, controls touch and movement of left side of body, superior at nonverbal, visual task
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Sensation
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activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy, stimulation of senses, begins with energy
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Absolute Threshold
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smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected, point which a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is presented
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Difference Threshold
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smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
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Adaptation
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an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli
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Retina
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light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain
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Rods
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receptor cells sensitive to light
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Cones
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cone shaped, responsible for sharp focus and color perception
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Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
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suggests that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, blue-violet colors, green colors, yellow-red colors, not successful at explaining afterimages
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Opponent - Process Theory of Color Vision
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receptor cells are linked in pairs working in opposition to each other, blue-yellow, red-green, black-white, after images
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Sensing Sound
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movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration
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Eardrum
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vibrates when sound waves hit
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Inner Ear
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changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain
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Place Theory of Hearing
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states that different areas of the basilar membrane repsond to different frequencies
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Frequency Theory of Hearing
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suggests that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound
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Semicircular Canals
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three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain
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Subliminal Perception
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perception of messages about which we have no awarness
