Chapters 13-16 – Flashcards
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How did Sigmund Freud's treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
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In treating patients whose disorders had no clear physical explantation, Freud concluded that these problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind. To explore this hidden part of a patient's mind, Freud used free association and dream analysis.
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What was Freud's view of personality?
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Frued blieved that personality results from conflict arising from the interation amond the mind's three systems: the id (pleasure-seeking impulses), ego (reality-oriented executive), and superego (internalized set of ideals, or conscience.
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What developmental stages did Freud propose?
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He believed children pass through five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital). Unresolved conflicts at any stage can leave a person's pleasure-seeking impulses fixated (stalled) at that stage. (look at chart in book)
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How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
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For frued, anxiety was the product of tensions between the demands of the id and super ego. The ego copes by using unconscious defense mechanisms, such as repressions, which he viewed as the basic mechanism underlying and enabling all the others.
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Which of Freud's ideas did his followers accept or reject?
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Freud's early followers, the neo-Freudians, accepted many of his ideas. They differed in placing more emphasis on the conscious mind and in stressing social motives more than sex or aggression. Conteporary psychodynamic theorists and therapists reject Freud's exphasis on sexual motivation. They stress, with support from modern research findings, the view that much of our mental life is unconsciousm and they believe that our childhood experiences influence our adult personality and attachment patterns.
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What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?
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Projective tests attempt to assess personality by showing people vague stimuli with many possible interpretations; answers reveal unconscious motives. One such test, the Rorschach inblot test, has low reliability and validity.
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How do contemporary psychologist view Freud's psychoanalysis?
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They give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, to the stuggle to cope with our sexuality, to the conflict between biological impuleses and social restraints, and for some forms of defense mechanisms, and unconscious terror-management defenses. But his concept of repressions, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, have not survived scientific scrutiny. Freud offered after-the-fact explantations, which are hard to test scientifically. Research foes not support many of Freud's specific ideas, such as the view that development is fixed in childhood.
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How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?
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How do psychologist use traits to describe personality?
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How did humanistic psychologist assess a person's sense of self?
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How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?
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How do psychologist uses traits to describe personality?
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What are personality inventories, and what are they strengths and weakness as trait-assessment tools?
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Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
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Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
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Who first proposed the social-congitve perspective, and how do these theorists view personality development?
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How do social-cognitie research explore behavior, and what criticism have they faced?
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Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
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What evidence reveals self-serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
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What do social psychologist study? How do we tend to esplain other's behaviror and our own?
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Does what we thing affect what we do, or does what we do affect what we think?
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What is automatic mimicry, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social infulence?
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What did Milgram's obedience experiments teach us about the power of social infulence?
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How is our behavior afffected by the presence of others?
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What are group polarization and groupthink,and how much power do we have as individuals?
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What is prejudice? What are its social and emotional roots?
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What are the cognitive roots of prejudice?
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How does psychology's difinition of aggression differ form everyday usage? WHat bilogical factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
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What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
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What do we befriend or fall in love with people but not with others?
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When are people most-and least- likely to help?
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How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
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How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict?
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How can we transform feelings of prejudice, affression, and conflict into attitudes that promote peace?
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How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
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Why is there contoversy over attention-deficit hyperactiy disorders?
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Why do some psychologist criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
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What are the different anxiey disorders?
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How do the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders?
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What are mood disorders? How does major depressive disorder differ from bipolar disorder?
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How do the biological and social-cognitive perspectives explain mood disorders?
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What factors affect suicide and self-injuring, and what are some of the important warning signs to watch for insuicide prevention efforts?
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What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia?
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What are the schizophrenia subtypes? How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?
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How do brain abnormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia?
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Are there genetic infulences on schizphrenia? What factors may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children?
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What are dissociative disorders, and what are they controversial?
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How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstate the influence of psychological forces?
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What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize the antisocial persoanlity?
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How many people suffer, or have suffered, from psychological disorder? Is poverty a risk factor?
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