Home Page Flashcards Chapter Quizzes 1-16 - Flashcards

Chapter Quizzes 1-16 – Flashcards

Patricia Smith

8 July 2022

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The Wilmot Proviso of 1846 proposed that

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slavery be prohibited throughout the entire area ceded by Mexico.

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As the battle over the expansion of slavery intensified in the 1840s, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of "popular sovereignty," a measure that would allow

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people who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery.

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To reunite their party, the Whig strategy in the presidential campaign of 1848 was to nominate a

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military hero and remain silent on the issue of slavery.

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When Zachary Taylor became president in 1849, he enraged Southerners by

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championing a free-soil solution to slavery by urging Congress to admit California and New Mexico to the union as free states.

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The Compromise of 1850

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was neither a true compromise nor a final settlement of all the issues it addressed.

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The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850,

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stipulated that all citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influenced Northerners' attitudes toward slavery

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because it was a compelling novel and a vehicle for a stirring moral indictment of slavery.

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In 1853, the United States negotiated the Gadsden Purchase in order to

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support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.

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In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because

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he needed southern support to pass his legislation, the price of which was opening up the Nebraska territory to the possibility of slavery.

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As a result of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, the

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nation witnessed the demise of the Whig Party and the eventual rise of a system in which the Democrats dominated the South and the Republican Party was limited to the North.

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The American Party, or Know-Nothings, appeared in the mid-1850s as

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a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States from Germany and Ireland.

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The common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854 was their

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opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory of the United States.

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When the first territorial legislature in Kansas met, it

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enacted tough proslavery laws and prompted the organization of a rival government.

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John Brown's leadership of a massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, led to

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guerrilla war engulfing the territory.

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Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in 1856

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further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery and its future in the Republic.

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In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

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Dred Scott could not legally claim violation of his constitutional rights because he was not a citizen of the United States.

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In the mid-1850s, Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home was based on his

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opposition to the extension of slavery in the United States.

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While Abraham Lincoln espoused a typical racial attitude for a white man of his day, he personally believed that slavery

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was morally wrong.

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Abraham Lincoln understood that humanitarian concerns for black people would not motivate Northerners to fight to keep slavery out of the territories, so he promoted the "free labor" concept by asserting that the territories were

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excellent destinations for poor people seeking to improve their conditions.

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In his 1857 campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate, Illinois Democrat Stephen Douglas needed to overcome several challenges, including

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his reputation as a racist.

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When proslavery forces in Lecompton, Kansas, drafted a proslavery constitution in 1857 that many felt was fraudulent, Stephen A. Douglas

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broke with the Buchanan administration and the southern members of his party by coming out against the proslavery constitution.

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As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,

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Stephen A. Douglas won a senate seat, but Abraham Lincoln became nationally known.

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When reflecting on John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, most Northerners

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concluded that his ideals couldn't excuse violence.

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. In 1860, Democrats meeting to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina, wound up

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splitting the party into southern and northern factions over the issues of popular sovereignty and a federal code protecting slavery in the territories.

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n the national crisis surrounding the presidential election of 1860, southern moderates refused to support the more radical members of the Democratic Party clamoring for a federal slave code. Instead, they

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organized the Constitutional Union Party, a political party that had no platform.

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In 1860, the increasingly confident Republican Party

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expanded their platform to address other issues.

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Abraham Lincoln became the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1860 because

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he was a moderate on the volatile issue of slavery, demonstrated solid Republican credentials, and represented the crucial state of Illinois.

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After Lincoln's election, the vote to secede from the Union came first from

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South Carolina

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As the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of the presidential administration of James Buchanan, his response was to

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remain in Washington and do nothing.

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In his first inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln was

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reassuring and conciliatory toward the South on the issue of slavery but firm and inflexible concerning the perpetuity of the Union.

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When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as

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a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution.

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On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to

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take measures to stop the contagion of secession and buy time in order for emotions to cool.

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In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with

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Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861.

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The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas

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a prosouthern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control.

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Typically, Northerners viewed secession as

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an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law.

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Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on

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all of the above

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When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that

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Abraham Lincoln brought little political experience to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive.

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The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it

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demonstrated that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy.

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At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War

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had reached a stalemate.

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The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor

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marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance.

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Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that

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cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton.

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When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he

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doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion.

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In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it

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forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters.

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On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that

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declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude."

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Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation

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because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union."

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Among free black men of fighting age in the North,

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most fought in the Union army.

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From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in

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all of the above

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Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders

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expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort.

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Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice

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by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact.

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White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would

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engage in violent revolt.

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Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by

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employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives.

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In 1862, the Homestead Act

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helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union.

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While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that

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inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell.

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Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as

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nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines.

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President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war

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did suppress free speech.

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What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that

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it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription.

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Under Grant's leadership, the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies

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became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner.

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The seige of Vicksburg in July 1863

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was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River.

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In strict military terms, the battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863

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was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line.

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After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant

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launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed in the process.

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. In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for

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a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

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President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because

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with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent chance of ousting the Lincoln administration.

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By the waning months of the war, Confederate soldiers were demoralized because

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the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much.

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General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865,

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ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

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The Civil War affected the United States by

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establishing the sovereignty of the federal government and the dominance of industrial capitalism.

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In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and the South was

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the existence of an ever-increasing number of slaves in the South.

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After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power?

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Cotton production expanded to the West.

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The growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of

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natural reproduction.

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Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to

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white supremacy

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Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was

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a positive good because it civilized blacks and brought them Christianity

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The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that

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whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class.

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According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his

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owning at least twenty slaves.

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Louisiana was dominated by plantations that cultivated

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sugar

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Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on

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agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.

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Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy?

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Planters made good profits and feared that economic change would threaten the plantation system.

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Because the South lacked economic diversity,

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newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North.

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As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because

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state legislatures failed to provide many essential services, and planters saw no need to educate their workforce.

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Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism,"

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a concept whereby a slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance.

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As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because

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it was in the master's best interest to treat his slaves well enough that they could have children.

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Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands

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demanded that they be subordinate.

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The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality

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she could have the responsibility of managing servants, directing the slave hospital, and supervising the henhouse and dairy.

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As a system, slavery by 1860 was

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found in almost every skilled and unskilled occupation in the South.

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When slaves became elderly, they

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cared for small children, spun yarn, fed livestock, or cleaned stables.

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There were several advantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants

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enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work.

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Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on

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family, religion, and community.

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Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because

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they believed that the slaves' salvation was part of their obligation and that religion would make slaves more obedient.

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Among the ways slaves reacted to their bondage was

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engaging in daily resistance such as feigning illness, breaking farm equipment, or playing dumb.

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A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was

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running away

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Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860?

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Free blacks were subjected to special taxes, prohibited from interstate travel, denied the right to have schools and to participate in politics, and forced to carry "freedom papers."

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Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because

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whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860 and were heavily armed, so rebels had almost no chance of success.

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In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners

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were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers.

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Upcountry yeomen, who lived in the hills and mountains,

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raised hogs, cattle, and sheep, and sought self-sufficiency and independence.

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At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who

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worked ambitiously and hoped to move up and away from their miserable living conditions.

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Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands,

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were more likely to attend a religious revival than a classroom lecture.

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In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that

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a greater number of ordinary citizens voted, but yeomen and artisans were still only infrequently elected to the legislatures.

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In attempting to establish a reconstruction policy after the Civil War,

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Congress and the president disagreed about who had the authority to devise a plan of reconstruction.

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Pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction were important in that they

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restored property (except slaves) and political participation.

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Members of Congress hoped Lincoln would not veto the Wade-Davis Bill because they wanted to

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guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law.

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Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land

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was a moral right and was linked to their freedom.

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"Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

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created an expectation among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners.

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Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to

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reunite family members sold away

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Some ex-slaves who had formerly worshiped in biracial Methodist churches joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an all-black church from the North, because

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they wanted religious autonomy and escape from white oversight.

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Reformers were shocked by President Andrew Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states because

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his reconstruction plan seemed to contradict earlier statements in which he claimed a willingness to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

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Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because

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he advocated states' rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm.

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Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on

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pardons for most former rebel soldiers and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

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During the Reconstruction era, southern black codes

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restricted freedmen's economic opportunities and civil rights.

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The black codes were essentially an attempt to

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subordinate blacks to whites and regulate the labor supply.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866

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made discrimination in state laws illegal.

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The Fourteenth Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by

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giving Congress the right to reduce a state's representation in that body if the state refused to give all of its adult male population, including ex-slaves, the right to vote.

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The voting rights provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment proved a major disappointment to

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other advocates of female suffrage.

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The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson

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effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction.

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The Fifteenth Amendment

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extended black male suffrage to the entire nation.

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The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

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was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.

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The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

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a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.

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As new constitutions were ratified in the South in the late 1860s, local and state Republican governments focused on

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public education, the defense of civil rights, the abolition of racial discrimination, and the creation of a diversified economy.

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The system of agricultural labor that emerged after 1865 often pitted ex-slaves and their expectations for freedom against former slave masters who wanted to restore the plantation system. In this struggle,

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ex-slaves could decide who would work, for how long, and how hard, but still remained dependent

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The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as

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sharecropping

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President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw

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corruption at all levels of government, a severe economic depression, labor violence, and an attempt to annex Santo Domingo to provide the freedmen with a new home.

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When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress

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responded by passing the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

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undermined reconstruction.

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In the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) and in United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court

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restricted the ability of the federal government and Congress to protect individuals from discrimination by other individuals.

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By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

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had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.

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Redeemers were

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southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South.

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By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of

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polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and relentlessly intimidating black voters.

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In the presidential election of 1876,

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the Democratic candidate won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the electoral college, while the Republican candidate initially fell nineteen electoral votes short of victory.

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In the Compromise of 1877,

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southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.

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The Compromise of 1877 essentially

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spelled the end of reconstruction and of the Republicans' commitment to the civil rights of blacks.

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Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were

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the legacy of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because

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he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.

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Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

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Alexander Hamilton

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In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

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first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights.

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Which of the following was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?

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the right to vote

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In the new republic, traditional gender relations

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remained largely unaltered from the norm.

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American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of

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market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.

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Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

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infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.

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To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed

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that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states

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The federal government's decision to move its permanent home from Philadelphia to Washington D.C. came as a result of

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controversy surrounding Hamilton's proposal to assume the states' war debts.

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The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to

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protect and foster domestic manufacturing.

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The Whiskey Rebellion

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was a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey.

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To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass

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a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey.

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In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington

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nationalized the Pennsylvania militia and led the effort to put down the revolt.

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Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)

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serious threat to federal leadership within the country.

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In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

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the Treaty of Greenville.

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Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?

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liquor

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What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

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He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.

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Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?

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Many Americans were angered by an official declaration of neutrality.

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How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?

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They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.

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The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared

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during Washington's second term.

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In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against

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America forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.

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In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

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ended up being president and vice president.

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In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was

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corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804

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. During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson

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withdrew from active counsel of the president due to the influence of the Hamiltonian cabinet.

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In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams

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sent three men to negotiate peace with France.

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X, Y, and Z were the code names for

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three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners.

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The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to

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harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming.

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The Sedition Act targeted mainly

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Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.

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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that

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states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights.

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In the election of 1800,

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party lines were drawn between Republicans and Federalists.

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As the presidential election of 1800 played out in the House of Representatives, Federalist Alexander Hamilton supported Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr because

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although Hamilton was no fan of Jefferson, he believed that Burr would prove far more dangerous to the republic should he be elected president.

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The alleged plot by Gabriel, a 24-year-old slave, to stage a slave rebellion led white Virginians to

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hang 27 black men for contemplating rebellion.

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Thomas Jefferson made it a point to dress in plain, casual clothing to

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make an important point about republican simplicity and manners.

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According to Thomas Jefferson, the source of true freedom in America was the

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virtuous, independent farmer who owned and worked his land both for himself and for the market.

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President Jefferson believed that a properly limited federal government

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ran the postal system, collected customs duties, staffed lighthouses, conducted a periodic census, and maintained federal courts.

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In his last weeks as president in 1801, John Adams appointed his famous "midnight judges" as a way to

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leave as many Federalists as possible in government positions as political counterweights to the incoming Republican administration.

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The most lasting effect of Marbury v. Madison (1803) was

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the Supreme Court's action to disallow a law on the grounds that it was unconstitutional.

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Events in the Louisiana Territory in 1802 alerted the United States to a potential national security problem, as

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Spain had turned over the territory to France, which was then under the rule of powerful expansionist Napoleon.

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The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was successful in

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establishing good relations with many Indian tribes and collecting valuable information on the peoples, plants, animals, and geography of the region.

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The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed by Congress to

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forbid American ships from engaging in trade in any foreign port and thus make England suffer while preventing illegal trade through secondary ports.

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The Embargo Act of 1807 affected the United States by

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bringing U.S. exporting to a standstill, increasing unemployment, and seriously reducing government revenues.

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Under the leadership of Dolley Madison, the White House

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hosted members of Congress, cabinet officers, and other distinguished guests for weekly parties.

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Women in early nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., played an important role in political circles

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by influencing patronage, writing letters of recommendation, and shaping personal connections.

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In negotiating the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, William Henry Harrison angered the Shawnee chief Tecumseh by

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negotiating with several Native American chiefs who had no legitimate claims to the land they ceded to the U.S. government.

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The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

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prohibited trade with England and France and their colonies.

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War Hawks were young congressmen who

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were enthusiastic for expansion, ready to subdue Native Americans standing in the way of white settlement, and eager to declare war on England.

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The war with Great Britain declared by Congress in 1812 was

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passed by a vote that was divided along sectional lines.

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When British soldiers entered Washington, D.C., in 1814, they

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set fire to much of the city.

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While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at New Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that

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the War of 1812 had been over for two weeks.

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The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812

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actually settled few of the issues that had led to war.

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The group that suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812 was the

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Indians

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When faced with the opportunity to rewrite the laws of domestic relations, state legislatures generally

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did little to change any laws relating to domestic relations.

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By 1820, divorce in the United States

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was the one aspect of family law that had changed since the eighteenth century and, while difficult to obtain, was possible in most states.

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Jemima Wilkinson was an exhorting woman; specifically, she

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dressed in men's clothes and preached openly in Rhode Island and Philadelphia.

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James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill of 1819 were controversial because their ultimate effect would have been to

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make Missouri a free state

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In the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States obtained from Spain the territory of

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Florida

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In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas

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"are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power."

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The presidential election of 1824 was complicated by

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an unprecedented five candidates seeking the support of one political party.

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The presidential election of 1824 was notable because it was the last

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to be decided in the House of Representatives.

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U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 encouraged economic growth in the

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manufacturing sector, because the embargo and trade stoppages meant that American factories received a temporary respite from competition with the British.

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Funding for transportation improvements in America between 1815 and 1840 came mostly from

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private and state funding

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The most horrifying hazard faced by people traveling on steamboats in the early nineteenth century was

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being injured or killed by the frequent boiler explosions.

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Steamboats had a detrimental effect on the environment because they

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led to deforestation and air pollution.

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Canals were an important innovation in the early nineteenth century because

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they allowed cheaper transport by virtue of greatly increased loads

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Employees of early textile mills in New England were

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mainly young women who left rural farms and flocked to factory towns in the hope of gaining more autonomy.

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For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were

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low because workers were easily replaced.

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In the economy of Jacksonian America, bankers

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All of the above

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Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave priority to

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ambitious individuals interested in maximizing their own wealth.

question

Because of their distrust of the economic elite, Andrew Jackson and many of his followers wanted to

answer

end government support for business, thereby encouraging individual liberties and economic opportunities.

question

In large measure, the panic! of 1819 occurred as a result of

answer

a contraction of the money supply and plummeting prices of commodities.

question

Between 1828 and 1836, the second American party system took shape; it

answer

was, by 1836, a fully functioning, national, two-party political system.

question

An important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era as

answer

different campaigning tactics and increasingly democratic rhetoric made it necessary for candidates to appeal to common people.

question

One of the key elements in the political landscape of Jacksonian America was the upsurge of universal white male suffrage,

answer

as most states abolished property qualifications for voting.

question

After 1828, political leaders considered the development of political parties to be

answer

an effective way to encourage voter loyalty that transcended specific candidates and elections.

question

Andrew Jackson set an important political precedent when he selected his cabinet by

answer

excluding members of political factions that were not loyal to him.

question

As president, Andrew Jackson favored

answer

a limited federal government and the establishment of a federal Indian policy to remove the Indians.

question

In 1830, President Jackson convinced Congress to pass legislation that

answer

forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi and opened up about 100 million acres of land for white settlers.

question

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the

answer

Cherokees in Georgia existed as "a distinct community, occupying its own territory, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."

question

The infamous Trail of Tears was

answer

a 1,200-mile forced march by Cherokees who were expelled from their land.

question

In support of the doctrine of nullification, South Carolina's leader pointed to

answer

the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.

question

A compelling reason underlying South Carolina's argument for nullification in 1828 was that

answer

a Northern-dominated federal government might decide to end slavery, which would threaten the very foundation of the South's economic system.

question

Henry Clay wanted to force the issue of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States before the presidential election of 1832 because he hoped to

answer

force Andrew Jackson into an unpopular veto on the issue in order to secure support for Clay as president.

question

As a result of his lopsided win in the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson tried to

answer

destroy the Bank of the United States before its charter expired, a process he began by removing federal deposits from the bank and depositing them in Democratic-leaning banks throughout the country.

question

A positive effect of the economic turmoil of Jackson's second administration was that from 1835 to 1837, for the first and only time in U.S. history,

answer

the government had a surplus of money.

question

After 1815, the idea of separate spheres and separate duties for men and women was strengthened by the fact that

answer

men's work was newly disconnected from the home and increasingly brought cash to the household.

question

The spread of public schools in the 1820s and 1830s made education more accessible to students and affected teaching by

answer

initiating a shift toward hiring women as cheap instructors.

question

A typical pattern for boys not remaining on the farm in the 1820s and 1830s was to

answer

leave school at the age of fourteen and become either an apprentice in a trade or an entry-level clerk.

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The Second Great Awakening

answer

brought forth an outpouring of evangelical religious fervor that offered salvation to the less than perfect.

question

The leading exemplar of the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, insisted that

answer

Americans "vote in the Lord Jesus Christ as the governor of the universe."

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Alcohol consumption in America in the decades up to 1830 was

answer

widespread, rising, and often tended toward abusive amounts.

question

By 1845, the American Temperance Union and other temperance advocates

answer

had succeeded in decreasing alcohol consumption in the United States.

question

The nationally circulated Advocate of Moral Reform was a

answer

newspaper published by women that took men to task for the sexual sin of frequenting prostitutes and perpetuating prostitution.

question

One of the most radical reform movements of the 1830s was the

answer

effort to abolish slavery

question

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison launched

answer

the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper advocating an immediate end to slavery.

question

Relatively few white Northerners got involved in the campaign to eradicate slavery because

answer

even though they may have viewed slavery as counterproductive or immoral, they tended to be racists.

question

One of the precipitating causes of the panic! of 1837 was

answer

that the Bank of England began call in loans made to American merchants.

question

In the presidential election of 1836, three Whig candidates ran against Democrat Van Buren

answer

because each candidate had a solid popular regional base but none had the support of all regions.

question

Van Buren pushed for an independent treasury system, funded by government deposits, which would

answer

deal only in hard money.

question

High rates of voter participation continued into the 1840s and 1850s because

answer

politics remained the arena where different choices about economic development and social change were contested.

question

Angelina Grimké, Sarah Grimké, and Maria Stewart, women lecturers who conveyed a powerful antislavery message, encountered hostility in the North because

answer

they affronted a rigid cultural norm by speaking in public and presuming to instruct men.

question

Andrew Jackson Home State

answer

Tennesee

question

John C. Calhoun Home State

answer

South Carolina

question

Martin Van Buren Home State

answer

New York

question

Henry Clay Home State

answer

Kentucky

question

John Quincy Adams Home State

answer

Massamchusettes

question

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was

answer

the movement of Americans from farms to cities, where they found jobs working in factories.

question

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because

answer

steam engines began to be used as an energy source.

question

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because

answer

the relatively treeless setting and rich soil made conditions favorable to farming.

question

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of

answer

John Deere's steel plow.

question

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because

answer

workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive.

question

The growth of railroads in the 1850s

answer

fostered iron production, coal production, and the telegraph industry.

question

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because

answer

education offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential through hard work and self-discipline.

question

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s

answer

did not mesh with the economic inequalities of the times and led to a restless and mobile society.

question

Which of the following were among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

answer

famine and deteriorating economic conditions in their mother countries, along with the opportunities in America for skilled artisans

question

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often

answer

entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder as wage laborers or domestic servants

question

In 1845, New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term manifest destiny, by which he meant that

answer

Americans had the God-given right to expand their superior civilization across the continent.

question

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of

answer

the American people's strong desire for more land.

question

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites

answer

brought with them alcohol and diseases like smallpox, measles, cholera, and scarlet fever.

question

Migration to Oregon

answer

appealed to men more than women.

question

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because

answer

of sparse populations and hostile Native Americans.

question

Migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were

answer

Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them.

question

In 1830, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because

answer

it hoped to discourage any more American settlers from coming to the area.

question

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836

answer

only after fierce fighting and much bloodshed.

question

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?

answer

Texas would come into the Union as a slave state.

question

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was

answer

the annexation of Texas.

question

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?

answer

He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel, and the British accepted.

question

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to

answer

realize that it would take military force to achieve manifest destiny.

question

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was

answer

to occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace.

question

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because

answer

Mexico refused to trade land for peace.

question

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which Mexico

answer

gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded the provinces of New Mexico and California to the United States.

question

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking

answer

gold

question

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was

answer

competitive, violent, and unhealthy, but growing rapidly.

question

In addition to some miners, the gold rush in California benefited

answer

entrepreneurs who supplied the miners.

question

Members of the Oneida community

answer

challenged sexual mores through the practice of complex marriage.

question

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated

answer

women's rights and suffrage.

question

By 1860 women's rights advocates succeeded in achieving

answer

married women's rights to their own wages and property.

question

. Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by promoting

answer

limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery.

question

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated

answer

slaves rising in insurrection against their masters.

question

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when

answer

public schools were integrated in Massachusetts.

question

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South

answer

via the underground railroad.

question

The most important change in eighteenth-century colonial America was

answer

phenomenal population growth.

question

In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

answer

immigration and natural increase

question

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were

answer

Scots-Irish or slaves from Africa.

question

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

answer

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living.

question

By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in large part because

answer

farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops in quantities necessary to become wealthy.

question

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

answer

merchants

question

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

answer

New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor.

question

Many Germans and Scots-Irish without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as "redemptioners," who were

answer

persons who had obtained money for passage from a friend or relative in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants once they arrived.

question

Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"?

answer

Pennsylvania

question

In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves

answer

were not much needed on wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor.

question

An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was

answer

to negotiate with Indian tribes to purchase land, which reduced frontier clashes.

question

A result of the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770 was that

answer

the per capita consumption of imported goods from England more than doubled.

question

The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was

answer

Quaker merchants.

question

Poor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

answer

work and wealth.

question

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

answer

slavery

question

In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?

answer

South Carolina

question

The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

answer

natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade.

question

Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because

answer

small groups of slaves ensured that newcomers could be trained by the planters' seasoned slaves.

question

A "country-born" slave was one who

answer

was born into slavery in the colonies.

question

The purpose of "seasoning" slaves was to

answer

acclimate them to the physical and cultural environment of the southern colonies.

question

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

answer

slaves served for life and could be disciplined more harshly.

question

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

answer

could neither overturn slavery nor win in the fight for freedom.

question

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

answer

the richest in North America.

question

In the eighteenth century, the Southern slaveholding gentry dominated

answer

both the politics and the economy of the South

question

An increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century colonial America led to

answer

a drop in prices and a resulting increase in the purchase of luxury goods by ordinary people.

question

The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century

answer

tied the colonists to the British economy while making them feel more British.

question

In colonial America, deists

answer

were usually educated and followed the ideas of European Enlightenment thinkers.

question

The Great Awakening can best be described as a(n)

answer

revival movement to convert nonbelievers and revive the piety of believers.

question

In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over

answer

the fur trade

question

Colonial governors had difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists because

answer

their terms of office were often less than five years, and they had little or no access to patronage positions.

question

The Seven Years' War resulted from

answer

a dispute between Indians, Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and the French over territory in the Ohio Valley.

question

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

answer

not approved by the colonies or by England.

question

The representatives of the Iroquois Nation at the Albany Congress

answer

made no commitment to helping the British fight the French.

question

The turning point of the Seven Years' War was most likely William Pitt's

answer

willingness to commit massive resources to the war.

question

The terms of the Treaty of Paris included

answer

England receiving lands east of the Mississippi River, and Spain receiving lands west of the Mississippi River.

question

As a result of the Seven Years' War,

answer

Indians lost their land and had to face colonists moving west.

question

The Seven Years' War taught colonists that

answer

discipline within the British military was far more brutal than they had expected.

question

What effect did the Seven Years' War have on England's national debt?

answer

The debt had doubled since William Pitt took office.

question

After the Seven Years' War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America, ostensibly to

answer

maintain the peace between the colonists and the Indians.

question

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

answer

prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

question

The Proclamation of 1763 was also meant to

answer

keep the peace between Indians and colonists.

question

Growing colonial resentment of British authority during the 1760s could be attributed to

answer

increased taxation and increased intrusion by Britain.

question

In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the

answer

Sugar Act.

question

An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter

answer

was an internal tax that few colonists could escape.

question

George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because

answer

the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were.

question

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

answer

Virginia alone had the right to tax Virginians.

question

The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the

answer

Stamp Act

question

The Stamp Act of 1765

answer

set an ominous precedent in the eyes of the colonists.

question

The Sons of Liberty, protestors against the Stamp Act, organized a large demonstration that showed colonists

answer

their ability to have a decisive impact on politics.

question

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

answer

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official's home.

question

In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government

answer

repealed the act but reaffirmed parliamentary power by passing the Declaratory Act

question

The Declaratory Act showed Britain's refusal to compromise on Parliament's power to tax because it

answer

asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

question

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

answer

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.

question

In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which

answer

placed new duties on imported items such as tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors.

question

The Revenue Act of 1767

answer

directed that some of the revenue generated from its application be used to pay the salaries of royal governors.

question

Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

answer

producing homespun cloth.

question

Mounting tensions between Bostonians and British soldiers in early 1770 led to the Boston Massacre,

answer

a skirmish in which five people were killed.

question

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

answer

It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection.

question

John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to

answer

show that the Boston leaders were defenders of British liberty and law.

question

In the early 1770s, several incidents brought the colonies' conflict with England into sharp focus, including the

answer

burning of the Gaspée.

question

The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as

answer

"committees of correspondence."

question

According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

boost sales for Britain's East India Company.

question

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament's taxation and legislative powers

question

Bostonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December of 1773 with the

answer

dumping of thousands of pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

question

The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included

answer

a law closing Boston harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.

question

The Quebec Act affronted many Americans because it

answer

gave Roman Catholic Quebec control of the Ohio Valley

question

The Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts) spread alarm among the colonists, who feared that

answer

their liberties were insecure.

question

Delegates to the First Continental Congress

answer

sought to identify their liberties as British subjects and debated possible responses to the Coercive Acts.

question

The First Continental Congress

answer

denied Parliament's right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade.

question

The First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, whose purpose was to

answer

enforce a staggered and limited boycott of trade.

question

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

answer

realized the seriousness of the situation and requested twenty thousand additional troops from England.

question

General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord

answer

because he was ordered to quell the dissenters before they became more organized.

question

The first shot at Lexington was fired by

answer

an unknown person.

question

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

answer

promising freedom to defecting, able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.

question

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

answer

participating in nonconsumption agreements.

question

About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the

answer

Second Continental Congress

question

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to

answer

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

question

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

answer

worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability.

question

Continental dollars were

answer

merely paper backed by no precious metals.

question

The battle of Bunker Hill

answer

was a costly victory for the British.

question

When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found

answer

enthusiastic but undisciplined troops.

question

The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775

answer

affirmed loyalty to the monarch, blamed Parliament for all the troubles, and asked that American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.

question

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

answer

called for independence and a republican government.

question

Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed

answer

the issue of slavery

question

When New York delegates endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 15, 1776, it meant that

answer

the resolution for independence had passed unanimously.

question

One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was

answer

the logistics of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water.

question

The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

answer

regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies.

question

In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress

answer

offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war's duration.

question

Women served in the Continental army by

answer

performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded.

question

As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

answer

free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.

question

One of the many weaknesses of the Continental army was that

answer

it was inexperienced and undermanned.

question

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

answer

turn back the British and defeat their invading armies.

question

The British strategy in the war in America was to

answer

recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.

question

The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war

answer

showed that the Americans were not just reacting to the British invasion of Massachusetts.

question

In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,

answer

British troops led by General Howe forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

question

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

answer

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.

question

The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were

answer

local judges, customs officers, wealthy merchants, and urban lawyers.

question

During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes

answer

first hoped to stay neutral, but many ended up fighting on the British side.

question

Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

answer

joining the British army or supplying it with food or ammunition.

question

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

answer

devaluation of the money and escalating prices.

question

Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by

answer

offering land grant certificates and issuing certificates of debt.

question

When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government

answer

proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence

question

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

answer

low because corruption was undermining the patriots' cause.

question

Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by

answer

hostility and violent anti-Indian campaigns.

question

Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

answer

brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.

question

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it

answer

saw an opportunity to defeat England, France's archrival.

question

In their campaign in the South, beginning in 1778, the British

answer

captured Georgia and South Carolina and dealt General Gates a devastating defeat at Camden, South Carolina.

question

In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British

answer

attempted to recapture the southern colonies and place loyalists in power.

question

News of Benedict Arnold's treason

answer

inspired renewed patriotism in America.

question

After Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason,

answer

England's southern campaign faced small bands of American guerrillas fighting a series of fierce battles in the southern backcountry.

question

After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because

answer

the French gave military support to Washington.

question

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

answer

the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake, thus commanding the bay and the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.

question

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

answer

the British acknowledged that the United States were "free Sovereign and independent States."

question

For the Indians, the peace that began in 1783

answer

meant displacement and only a temporary lull in fighting.

question

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

answer

of America's alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.

question

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

answer

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes.

question

Under the Articles of Confederation,

answer

each state had a single vote in Congress.

question

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

answer

claims to western lands.

question

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because

answer

the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

question

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

answer

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed.

question

In devising their new constitutions, most states

answer

reduced the powers of the governor.

question

Virginia's constitution was the first to

answer

include a bill of rights.

question

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

answer

include property ownership because property owners had independence of mind.

question

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

answer

New Jersey

question

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

answer

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.

question

In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

answer

most northern states.

question

Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

answer

huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure.

question

Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

answer

passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).

question

In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

answer

set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.

question

Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

answer

by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each.

question

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

answer

clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land.

question

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

answer

prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

question

Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

answer

increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

question

Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a

answer

dispatch of a private army of militiamen.

question

The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was

answer

the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

question

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

answer

were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation.

question

The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

answer

how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.

question

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

answer

Virginia Plan.

question

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

answer

that the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population.

question

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

answer

called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.

question

The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

answer

representation.

question

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

answer

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

question

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

answer

Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause

question

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

answer

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed.

question

In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.

question

To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

devised the electoral college.

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Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

answer

by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

question

The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

answer

national over state governments.

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Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

answer

Federalists

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The first state to ratify the Constitution was

answer

Delaware

question

Antifederalists were united mainly by

answer

their desire to block the Constitution.

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Antifederalism in New York centered on

answer

the state's size and power in relation to the new federal government.

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The authors of the series of essays known as The Federalist Papers originally wrote them

answer

as newspaper articles detailing the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

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In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

answer

prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.

question

The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

answer

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.

question

Which of the following does not accuarately describe the work of a historian?

answer

historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people

question

though ancient americans lacked writing skills they

answer

use dmany other kinds of symbolic representation

question

modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by

answer

combining a variety of apporaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors

question

although the exact time people began migrating to Noth America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived

answer

around 15,000 BP

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after their arrival in the western hemisphere, paleo-indians migrated to the southern tip of south america and virtually everywhere else in the western hemisphere within approximately

answer

1000 years

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about 11,000 years ago the paleo-indians faced a major crisis because

answer

the large aninmals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate

question

the apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millenia because people devoted more energy to

answer

foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and lef to more profound environmental adaptations

question

in 1492, native american cultures were

answer

so varied that they defy easy and simple description

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archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

answer

nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

question

the most important source of food for archaic peoples inhabiting the great basin was

answer

plants

question

the primary reason native people in california remained hunter and gatehrers for hundreds of years after europeans arrived int he western hemisphere was that

answer

both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply

question

the cultures of the archaic peoples of the eastern woodland were shaped by their

answer

forest environment

question

which of the following imporatnt changes occurred among the woodland cultures around 4000 bp

answer

they incorporated agriculture and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

question

corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

answer

3500 bp

question

hohokam settlements utilized irrigation canals

answer

to plant and harvest crops twice a year

question

multistory cliff dwelling and puevlos are residential atructures associated with the

answer

anasazi communities

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anasazi culture disappeared

answer

because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years

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burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

answer

woodland cultures

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archaeologists believe that the first ancient woodlan moun builders were organized into cheifdoms because

answer

the impressive organization used in building the mounds and th aritfcats found within them suggest that the power to cmmand labor from others was in the hands of one person

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the analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at hopewell sites shows that in this chiefdom at least

answer

burial was reserved for the most important members of society

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cahokia near present day st. louis missouri was

answer

the largest mississippian site

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scholars speculate that hopewell culture declined

answer

because farming and new weapons encouraged local autonomy and made central authority unnecessary

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at the time of columbu's arrival in the new world the population of native americans in north america is prudently estimated to have been

answer

4 million

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in 1492 the population density of north america was

answer

much less that of england

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tha athapascan tribes mainly apache and navajo were

answer

skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo indians

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around the time europeans arrived in the new world most native americans obtained much of their food

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through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming

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the greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited orth america at the dawn of european colonizatio was that

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their distinct cultures had developed as adapations to their local natural environments

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in ad 1492 the empire of the mexica

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encompassed up to 25 million and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered

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the group that held the most exalted position in mexican society was

answer

warriors

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the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

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poor, the common, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and the conquerors

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The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

answer

Spain

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While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's population, it was beneficial in that it one major long-term consequence is that it

answer

eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities for advancement.

question

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

answer

technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige.

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The first European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the fifteenth century was

answer

Portugal.

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The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

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Prince Henry the Navigator.

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Which of the following countries first navigated a sea route from Europe to Asia?

answer

Portugal

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A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

answer

destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asian marketplaces.

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When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

answer

the East Indies.

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When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were

answer

overjoyed to hear that he had discovered new lands.

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The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans?

answer

They farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs.

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If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

answer

proving that it was possible to sail from Europe to the western Atlantic and return to Europe.

question

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

answer

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean—territory west of the line belonged to Spain, and territory east of the line belonged to Portugal.

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John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

answer

Newfoundland

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The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally made landfall on the coast of

answer

Brazil

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In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

answer

the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia.

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Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

answer

convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route.

question

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the

answer

Columbian exchange.

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Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

answer

exposed Indians to devastating Old World diseases.

question

Hernán Cortés's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

answer

served as a model for future colonization and made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe.

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A fourteen-year-old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernán Cortés by

answer

serving as an interpreter and a cultural broker.

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Hernán Cortés was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

answer

tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico.

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In 1517, Martin Luther publicized his criticism of the Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

answer

how salvation could be gained.

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The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles I in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

answer

consolidate the largest empire in Europe and to fight religious wars with Protestants and Muslims

question

The first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States was

answer

St. Augustine, Florida

question

The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

answer

greatly. The lack of natives created a labor shortage that led to the purchase of African slaves.

question

Like many other European colonies in the New World, New Spain developed a pattern of social organization in which

answer

Europeans became a dominant minority in a society stratified by race and social origin.

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A new social class was made up of children who were born in the Spanish New World to parents who had emigrated from Spain, referred to as

answer

creoles.

question

The gender and number of Spanish settlers in New Spain created a society in which

answer

Spanish men frequently married Indian women and a class structure emerged with only 1 to 2 percent of the population dominating.

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Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

answer

poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors.

question

After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

answer

silver mining.

question

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a(n)

answer

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.

question

Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

answer

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor.

question

Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

answer

often resorted to violence in their interactions with Indians.

question

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

answer

gentlemen and their servants.

question

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the sixteenth century, the English of the Virginia Company

answer

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity.

question

The Virginia colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

answer

been willing to learn how to farm.

question

Because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

answer

were almost exterminated.

question

King James revoked the Virginia Company charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

answer

Powhatan's uprising and an investigative report showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists.

question

The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

answer

tobacco.

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If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

answer

a lack of workers

question

Most hired workers

answer

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in two or three years of labor in England.

question

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

answer

the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work.

question

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

answer

freedom dues.

question

Indentured servants tended to be

answer

poor young men born in England.

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Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

answer

stole, became pregnant, or ran away.

question

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

answer

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them.

question

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics;

answer

however, the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the Catholics, and conflict existed between the groups.

question

The term yeoman planter refers to a

answer

farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family.

question

The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the

answer

end of the rough frontier equality within the Chesapeake population.

question

Mercantilism was a(n

answer

economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country above the welfare of the colonies.

question

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

answer

the planter elite and small farmers.

question

Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

answer

threatened to transfer power from the traditional establishments to newcomers and small farmers.

question

After Bacon's death,

answer

royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's Laws.

question

The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

answer

stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries.

question

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

answer

Barbados

question

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

answer

sugar.

question

It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

answer

that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina.

question

The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

answer

rice

question

Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of eight persons in the region was

answer

African.

question

For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system because slaves

answer

could be controlled politically.

question

Roger Williams was

answer

a vocal dissenter in early Massachusetts who challenged the religious and political leadership of the colony's powerful men.

question

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed that

answer

Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans.

question

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

answer

Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

question

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

answer

make himself the head of the church in England.

question

English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

answer

introspection and a personal relationship with God.

question

The English monarchs James I and Charles I

answer

enforced conformity to the Church of England.

question

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

answer

contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.

question

The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

answer

had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony.

question

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

answer

had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

question

The migration to Puritan New England included

answer

a greater number of complete family units than most groups of immigrants in American history.

question

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that

answer

very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.

question

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

answer

a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.

question

The New England town meeting

answer

brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

question

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

answer

tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land.

question

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

answer

it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony.

question

In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

answer

experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government.

question

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

answer

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.

question

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

answer

a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

question

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

answer

only 15 percent of adult males were church members in some towns.

question

The Halfway Covenant was a

answer

measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible.

question

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

answer

God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.

question

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

answer

English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable.

question

Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

answer

an enduring belief in the supernatural origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith.

question

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

answer

small, remarkably diverse population.

question

In 1664, New Netherland

answer

became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.

question

The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of which two other middle colonies?

answer

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

question

William Penn aimed to

answer

establish a genuinely Quaker colony in the Americas.

question

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

answer

involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.

question

The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

answer

yield revenues for the crown and English merchants and divert the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies.

question

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with

answer

a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians.

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question

The Wilmot Proviso of 1846 proposed that

answer

slavery be prohibited throughout the entire area ceded by Mexico.

question

As the battle over the expansion of slavery intensified in the 1840s, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of "popular sovereignty," a measure that would allow

answer

people who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery.

question

To reunite their party, the Whig strategy in the presidential campaign of 1848 was to nominate a

answer

military hero and remain silent on the issue of slavery.

question

When Zachary Taylor became president in 1849, he enraged Southerners by

answer

championing a free-soil solution to slavery by urging Congress to admit California and New Mexico to the union as free states.

question

The Compromise of 1850

answer

was neither a true compromise nor a final settlement of all the issues it addressed.

question

The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850,

answer

stipulated that all citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves.

question

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influenced Northerners' attitudes toward slavery

answer

because it was a compelling novel and a vehicle for a stirring moral indictment of slavery.

question

In 1853, the United States negotiated the Gadsden Purchase in order to

answer

support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.

question

In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because

answer

he needed southern support to pass his legislation, the price of which was opening up the Nebraska territory to the possibility of slavery.

question

As a result of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, the

answer

nation witnessed the demise of the Whig Party and the eventual rise of a system in which the Democrats dominated the South and the Republican Party was limited to the North.

question

The American Party, or Know-Nothings, appeared in the mid-1850s as

answer

a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States from Germany and Ireland.

question

The common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854 was their

answer

opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory of the United States.

question

When the first territorial legislature in Kansas met, it

answer

enacted tough proslavery laws and prompted the organization of a rival government.

question

John Brown's leadership of a massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, led to

answer

guerrilla war engulfing the territory.

question

Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in 1856

answer

further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery and its future in the Republic.

question

In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

answer

Dred Scott could not legally claim violation of his constitutional rights because he was not a citizen of the United States.

question

In the mid-1850s, Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home was based on his

answer

opposition to the extension of slavery in the United States.

question

While Abraham Lincoln espoused a typical racial attitude for a white man of his day, he personally believed that slavery

answer

was morally wrong.

question

answer

excellent destinations for poor people seeking to improve their conditions.

question

In his 1857 campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate, Illinois Democrat Stephen Douglas needed to overcome several challenges, including

answer

his reputation as a racist.

question

When proslavery forces in Lecompton, Kansas, drafted a proslavery constitution in 1857 that many felt was fraudulent, Stephen A. Douglas

answer

broke with the Buchanan administration and the southern members of his party by coming out against the proslavery constitution.

question

As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,

answer

Stephen A. Douglas won a senate seat, but Abraham Lincoln became nationally known.

question

When reflecting on John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, most Northerners

answer

concluded that his ideals couldn't excuse violence.

question

. In 1860, Democrats meeting to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina, wound up

answer

splitting the party into southern and northern factions over the issues of popular sovereignty and a federal code protecting slavery in the territories.

question

answer

organized the Constitutional Union Party, a political party that had no platform.

question

In 1860, the increasingly confident Republican Party

answer

expanded their platform to address other issues.

question

Abraham Lincoln became the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1860 because

answer

he was a moderate on the volatile issue of slavery, demonstrated solid Republican credentials, and represented the crucial state of Illinois.

question

After Lincoln's election, the vote to secede from the Union came first from

answer

South Carolina

question

As the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of the presidential administration of James Buchanan, his response was to

answer

remain in Washington and do nothing.

question

In his first inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln was

answer

reassuring and conciliatory toward the South on the issue of slavery but firm and inflexible concerning the perpetuity of the Union.

question

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as

answer

a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution.

question

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to

answer

take measures to stop the contagion of secession and buy time in order for emotions to cool.

question

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with

answer

Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861.

question

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas

answer

a prosouthern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control.

question

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as

answer

an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law.

question

Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on

answer

all of the above

question

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that

answer

question

The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it

answer

demonstrated that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy.

question

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War

answer

had reached a stalemate.

question

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor

answer

marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance.

question

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that

answer

cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton.

question

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he

answer

doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion.

question

In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it

answer

forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters.

question

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that

answer

declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude."

question

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation

answer

because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union."

question

Among free black men of fighting age in the North,

answer

most fought in the Union army.

question

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in

answer

all of the above

question

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders

answer

expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort.

question

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice

answer

by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact.

question

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would

answer

engage in violent revolt.

question

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by

answer

employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives.

question

In 1862, the Homestead Act

answer

helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union.

question

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that

answer

inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell.

question

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as

answer

nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines.

question

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war

answer

did suppress free speech.

question

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that

answer

it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription.

question

Under Grant's leadership, the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies

answer

became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner.

question

The seige of Vicksburg in July 1863

answer

was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River.

question

In strict military terms, the battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863

answer

was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line.

question

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant

answer

launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed in the process.

question

. In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for

answer

a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

question

President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because

answer

with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent chance of ousting the Lincoln administration.

question

By the waning months of the war, Confederate soldiers were demoralized because

answer

the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much.

question

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865,

answer

ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

question

The Civil War affected the United States by

answer

establishing the sovereignty of the federal government and the dominance of industrial capitalism.

question

In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and the South was

answer

the existence of an ever-increasing number of slaves in the South.

question

After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power?

answer

Cotton production expanded to the West.

question

The growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of

answer

natural reproduction.

question

Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to

answer

white supremacy

question

Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was

answer

a positive good because it civilized blacks and brought them Christianity

question

The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that

answer

whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class.

question

According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his

answer

owning at least twenty slaves.

question

Louisiana was dominated by plantations that cultivated

answer

sugar

question

Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on

answer

agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.

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Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy?

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Planters made good profits and feared that economic change would threaten the plantation system.

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Because the South lacked economic diversity,

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newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North.

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As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because

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state legislatures failed to provide many essential services, and planters saw no need to educate their workforce.

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Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism,"

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a concept whereby a slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance.

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As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because

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it was in the master's best interest to treat his slaves well enough that they could have children.

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Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands

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demanded that they be subordinate.

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The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality

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she could have the responsibility of managing servants, directing the slave hospital, and supervising the henhouse and dairy.

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As a system, slavery by 1860 was

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found in almost every skilled and unskilled occupation in the South.

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When slaves became elderly, they

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cared for small children, spun yarn, fed livestock, or cleaned stables.

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There were several advantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants

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enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work.

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Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on

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family, religion, and community.

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Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because

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they believed that the slaves' salvation was part of their obligation and that religion would make slaves more obedient.

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Among the ways slaves reacted to their bondage was

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engaging in daily resistance such as feigning illness, breaking farm equipment, or playing dumb.

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A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was

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running away

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Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860?

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Free blacks were subjected to special taxes, prohibited from interstate travel, denied the right to have schools and to participate in politics, and forced to carry "freedom papers."

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Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because

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whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860 and were heavily armed, so rebels had almost no chance of success.

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In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners

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were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers.

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Upcountry yeomen, who lived in the hills and mountains,

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raised hogs, cattle, and sheep, and sought self-sufficiency and independence.

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At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who

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worked ambitiously and hoped to move up and away from their miserable living conditions.

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Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands,

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were more likely to attend a religious revival than a classroom lecture.

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In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that

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a greater number of ordinary citizens voted, but yeomen and artisans were still only infrequently elected to the legislatures.

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In attempting to establish a reconstruction policy after the Civil War,

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Congress and the president disagreed about who had the authority to devise a plan of reconstruction.

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Pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction were important in that they

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restored property (except slaves) and political participation.

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Members of Congress hoped Lincoln would not veto the Wade-Davis Bill because they wanted to

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guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law.

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Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land

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was a moral right and was linked to their freedom.

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"Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

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created an expectation among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners.

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Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to

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reunite family members sold away

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Some ex-slaves who had formerly worshiped in biracial Methodist churches joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an all-black church from the North, because

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they wanted religious autonomy and escape from white oversight.

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Reformers were shocked by President Andrew Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states because

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his reconstruction plan seemed to contradict earlier statements in which he claimed a willingness to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

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Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because

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he advocated states' rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm.

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Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on

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pardons for most former rebel soldiers and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

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During the Reconstruction era, southern black codes

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restricted freedmen's economic opportunities and civil rights.

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The black codes were essentially an attempt to

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subordinate blacks to whites and regulate the labor supply.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866

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made discrimination in state laws illegal.

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The Fourteenth Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by

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giving Congress the right to reduce a state's representation in that body if the state refused to give all of its adult male population, including ex-slaves, the right to vote.

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The voting rights provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment proved a major disappointment to

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other advocates of female suffrage.

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The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson

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effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction.

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The Fifteenth Amendment

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extended black male suffrage to the entire nation.

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The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

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was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.

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The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

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a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.

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As new constitutions were ratified in the South in the late 1860s, local and state Republican governments focused on

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public education, the defense of civil rights, the abolition of racial discrimination, and the creation of a diversified economy.

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ex-slaves could decide who would work, for how long, and how hard, but still remained dependent

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The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as

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sharecropping

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President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw

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corruption at all levels of government, a severe economic depression, labor violence, and an attempt to annex Santo Domingo to provide the freedmen with a new home.

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When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress

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responded by passing the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

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undermined reconstruction.

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In the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) and in United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court

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restricted the ability of the federal government and Congress to protect individuals from discrimination by other individuals.

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By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

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had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.

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Redeemers were

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southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South.

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By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of

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polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and relentlessly intimidating black voters.

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In the presidential election of 1876,

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the Democratic candidate won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the electoral college, while the Republican candidate initially fell nineteen electoral votes short of victory.

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In the Compromise of 1877,

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southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.

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The Compromise of 1877 essentially

answer

spelled the end of reconstruction and of the Republicans' commitment to the civil rights of blacks.

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Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were

answer

the legacy of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because

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he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.

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Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

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Alexander Hamilton

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In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

answer

first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights.

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Which of the following was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?

answer

the right to vote

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In the new republic, traditional gender relations

answer

remained largely unaltered from the norm.

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American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of

answer

market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.

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Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

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infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.

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To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed

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that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states

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The federal government's decision to move its permanent home from Philadelphia to Washington D.C. came as a result of

answer

controversy surrounding Hamilton's proposal to assume the states' war debts.

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The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to

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protect and foster domestic manufacturing.

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The Whiskey Rebellion

answer

was a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey.

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To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass

answer

a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey.

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In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington

answer

nationalized the Pennsylvania militia and led the effort to put down the revolt.

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Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)

answer

serious threat to federal leadership within the country.

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In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

answer

the Treaty of Greenville.

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Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?

answer

liquor

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What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

answer

He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.

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Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?

answer

Many Americans were angered by an official declaration of neutrality.

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How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?

answer

They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.

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The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared

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during Washington's second term.

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In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against

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America forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.

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In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

answer

ended up being president and vice president.

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In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was

answer

corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804

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. During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson

answer

withdrew from active counsel of the president due to the influence of the Hamiltonian cabinet.

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In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams

answer

sent three men to negotiate peace with France.

question

X, Y, and Z were the code names for

answer

three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners.

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The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to

answer

harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming.

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The Sedition Act targeted mainly

answer

Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.

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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that

answer

states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights.

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In the election of 1800,

answer

party lines were drawn between Republicans and Federalists.

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As the presidential election of 1800 played out in the House of Representatives, Federalist Alexander Hamilton supported Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr because

answer

although Hamilton was no fan of Jefferson, he believed that Burr would prove far more dangerous to the republic should he be elected president.

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The alleged plot by Gabriel, a 24-year-old slave, to stage a slave rebellion led white Virginians to

answer

hang 27 black men for contemplating rebellion.

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Thomas Jefferson made it a point to dress in plain, casual clothing to

answer

make an important point about republican simplicity and manners.

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According to Thomas Jefferson, the source of true freedom in America was the

answer

virtuous, independent farmer who owned and worked his land both for himself and for the market.

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President Jefferson believed that a properly limited federal government

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ran the postal system, collected customs duties, staffed lighthouses, conducted a periodic census, and maintained federal courts.

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In his last weeks as president in 1801, John Adams appointed his famous "midnight judges" as a way to

answer

leave as many Federalists as possible in government positions as political counterweights to the incoming Republican administration.

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The most lasting effect of Marbury v. Madison (1803) was

answer

the Supreme Court's action to disallow a law on the grounds that it was unconstitutional.

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Events in the Louisiana Territory in 1802 alerted the United States to a potential national security problem, as

answer

Spain had turned over the territory to France, which was then under the rule of powerful expansionist Napoleon.

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The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was successful in

answer

establishing good relations with many Indian tribes and collecting valuable information on the peoples, plants, animals, and geography of the region.

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The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed by Congress to

answer

forbid American ships from engaging in trade in any foreign port and thus make England suffer while preventing illegal trade through secondary ports.

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The Embargo Act of 1807 affected the United States by

answer

bringing U.S. exporting to a standstill, increasing unemployment, and seriously reducing government revenues.

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Under the leadership of Dolley Madison, the White House

answer

hosted members of Congress, cabinet officers, and other distinguished guests for weekly parties.

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Women in early nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., played an important role in political circles

answer

by influencing patronage, writing letters of recommendation, and shaping personal connections.

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In negotiating the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, William Henry Harrison angered the Shawnee chief Tecumseh by

answer

negotiating with several Native American chiefs who had no legitimate claims to the land they ceded to the U.S. government.

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The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

answer

prohibited trade with England and France and their colonies.

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War Hawks were young congressmen who

answer

were enthusiastic for expansion, ready to subdue Native Americans standing in the way of white settlement, and eager to declare war on England.

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The war with Great Britain declared by Congress in 1812 was

answer

passed by a vote that was divided along sectional lines.

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When British soldiers entered Washington, D.C., in 1814, they

answer

set fire to much of the city.

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While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at New Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that

answer

the War of 1812 had been over for two weeks.

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The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812

answer

actually settled few of the issues that had led to war.

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The group that suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812 was the

answer

Indians

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When faced with the opportunity to rewrite the laws of domestic relations, state legislatures generally

answer

did little to change any laws relating to domestic relations.

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By 1820, divorce in the United States

answer

was the one aspect of family law that had changed since the eighteenth century and, while difficult to obtain, was possible in most states.

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Jemima Wilkinson was an exhorting woman; specifically, she

answer

dressed in men's clothes and preached openly in Rhode Island and Philadelphia.

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James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill of 1819 were controversial because their ultimate effect would have been to

answer

make Missouri a free state

question

In the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States obtained from Spain the territory of

answer

Florida

question

In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas

answer

"are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power."

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The presidential election of 1824 was complicated by

answer

an unprecedented five candidates seeking the support of one political party.

question

The presidential election of 1824 was notable because it was the last

answer

to be decided in the House of Representatives.

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U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 encouraged economic growth in the

answer

manufacturing sector, because the embargo and trade stoppages meant that American factories received a temporary respite from competition with the British.

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Funding for transportation improvements in America between 1815 and 1840 came mostly from

answer

private and state funding

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The most horrifying hazard faced by people traveling on steamboats in the early nineteenth century was

answer

being injured or killed by the frequent boiler explosions.

question

Steamboats had a detrimental effect on the environment because they

answer

led to deforestation and air pollution.

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Canals were an important innovation in the early nineteenth century because

answer

they allowed cheaper transport by virtue of greatly increased loads

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Employees of early textile mills in New England were

answer

mainly young women who left rural farms and flocked to factory towns in the hope of gaining more autonomy.

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For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were

answer

low because workers were easily replaced.

question

In the economy of Jacksonian America, bankers

answer

All of the above

question

Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave priority to

answer

ambitious individuals interested in maximizing their own wealth.

question

Because of their distrust of the economic elite, Andrew Jackson and many of his followers wanted to

answer

end government support for business, thereby encouraging individual liberties and economic opportunities.

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In large measure, the panic! of 1819 occurred as a result of

answer

a contraction of the money supply and plummeting prices of commodities.

question

Between 1828 and 1836, the second American party system took shape; it

answer

was, by 1836, a fully functioning, national, two-party political system.

question

An important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era as

answer

different campaigning tactics and increasingly democratic rhetoric made it necessary for candidates to appeal to common people.

question

One of the key elements in the political landscape of Jacksonian America was the upsurge of universal white male suffrage,

answer

as most states abolished property qualifications for voting.

question

After 1828, political leaders considered the development of political parties to be

answer

an effective way to encourage voter loyalty that transcended specific candidates and elections.

question

Andrew Jackson set an important political precedent when he selected his cabinet by

answer

excluding members of political factions that were not loyal to him.

question

As president, Andrew Jackson favored

answer

a limited federal government and the establishment of a federal Indian policy to remove the Indians.

question

In 1830, President Jackson convinced Congress to pass legislation that

answer

forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi and opened up about 100 million acres of land for white settlers.

question

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the

answer

Cherokees in Georgia existed as "a distinct community, occupying its own territory, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."

question

The infamous Trail of Tears was

answer

a 1,200-mile forced march by Cherokees who were expelled from their land.

question

In support of the doctrine of nullification, South Carolina's leader pointed to

answer

the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.

question

A compelling reason underlying South Carolina's argument for nullification in 1828 was that

answer

a Northern-dominated federal government might decide to end slavery, which would threaten the very foundation of the South's economic system.

question

Henry Clay wanted to force the issue of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States before the presidential election of 1832 because he hoped to

answer

force Andrew Jackson into an unpopular veto on the issue in order to secure support for Clay as president.

question

As a result of his lopsided win in the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson tried to

answer

destroy the Bank of the United States before its charter expired, a process he began by removing federal deposits from the bank and depositing them in Democratic-leaning banks throughout the country.

question

A positive effect of the economic turmoil of Jackson's second administration was that from 1835 to 1837, for the first and only time in U.S. history,

answer

the government had a surplus of money.

question

After 1815, the idea of separate spheres and separate duties for men and women was strengthened by the fact that

answer

men's work was newly disconnected from the home and increasingly brought cash to the household.

question

The spread of public schools in the 1820s and 1830s made education more accessible to students and affected teaching by

answer

initiating a shift toward hiring women as cheap instructors.

question

A typical pattern for boys not remaining on the farm in the 1820s and 1830s was to

answer

leave school at the age of fourteen and become either an apprentice in a trade or an entry-level clerk.

question

The Second Great Awakening

answer

brought forth an outpouring of evangelical religious fervor that offered salvation to the less than perfect.

question

The leading exemplar of the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, insisted that

answer

Americans "vote in the Lord Jesus Christ as the governor of the universe."

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Alcohol consumption in America in the decades up to 1830 was

answer

widespread, rising, and often tended toward abusive amounts.

question

By 1845, the American Temperance Union and other temperance advocates

answer

had succeeded in decreasing alcohol consumption in the United States.

question

The nationally circulated Advocate of Moral Reform was a

answer

newspaper published by women that took men to task for the sexual sin of frequenting prostitutes and perpetuating prostitution.

question

One of the most radical reform movements of the 1830s was the

answer

effort to abolish slavery

question

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison launched

answer

the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper advocating an immediate end to slavery.

question

Relatively few white Northerners got involved in the campaign to eradicate slavery because

answer

even though they may have viewed slavery as counterproductive or immoral, they tended to be racists.

question

One of the precipitating causes of the panic! of 1837 was

answer

that the Bank of England began call in loans made to American merchants.

question

In the presidential election of 1836, three Whig candidates ran against Democrat Van Buren

answer

because each candidate had a solid popular regional base but none had the support of all regions.

question

Van Buren pushed for an independent treasury system, funded by government deposits, which would

answer

deal only in hard money.

question

High rates of voter participation continued into the 1840s and 1850s because

answer

politics remained the arena where different choices about economic development and social change were contested.

question

Angelina Grimké, Sarah Grimké, and Maria Stewart, women lecturers who conveyed a powerful antislavery message, encountered hostility in the North because

answer

they affronted a rigid cultural norm by speaking in public and presuming to instruct men.

question

Andrew Jackson Home State

answer

Tennesee

question

John C. Calhoun Home State

answer

South Carolina

question

Martin Van Buren Home State

answer

New York

question

Henry Clay Home State

answer

Kentucky

question

John Quincy Adams Home State

answer

Massamchusettes

question

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was

answer

the movement of Americans from farms to cities, where they found jobs working in factories.

question

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because

answer

steam engines began to be used as an energy source.

question

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because

answer

the relatively treeless setting and rich soil made conditions favorable to farming.

question

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of

answer

John Deere's steel plow.

question

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because

answer

workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive.

question

The growth of railroads in the 1850s

answer

fostered iron production, coal production, and the telegraph industry.

question

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because

answer

education offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential through hard work and self-discipline.

question

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s

answer

did not mesh with the economic inequalities of the times and led to a restless and mobile society.

question

Which of the following were among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

answer

famine and deteriorating economic conditions in their mother countries, along with the opportunities in America for skilled artisans

question

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often

answer

entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder as wage laborers or domestic servants

question

In 1845, New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term manifest destiny, by which he meant that

answer

Americans had the God-given right to expand their superior civilization across the continent.

question

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of

answer

the American people's strong desire for more land.

question

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites

answer

brought with them alcohol and diseases like smallpox, measles, cholera, and scarlet fever.

question

Migration to Oregon

answer

appealed to men more than women.

question

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because

answer

of sparse populations and hostile Native Americans.

question

Migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were

answer

Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them.

question

In 1830, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because

answer

it hoped to discourage any more American settlers from coming to the area.

question

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836

answer

only after fierce fighting and much bloodshed.

question

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?

answer

Texas would come into the Union as a slave state.

question

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was

answer

the annexation of Texas.

question

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?

answer

He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel, and the British accepted.

question

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to

answer

realize that it would take military force to achieve manifest destiny.

question

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was

answer

to occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace.

question

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because

answer

Mexico refused to trade land for peace.

question

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which Mexico

answer

gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded the provinces of New Mexico and California to the United States.

question

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking

answer

gold

question

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was

answer

competitive, violent, and unhealthy, but growing rapidly.

question

In addition to some miners, the gold rush in California benefited

answer

entrepreneurs who supplied the miners.

question

Members of the Oneida community

answer

challenged sexual mores through the practice of complex marriage.

question

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated

answer

women's rights and suffrage.

question

By 1860 women's rights advocates succeeded in achieving

answer

married women's rights to their own wages and property.

question

. Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by promoting

answer

limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery.

question

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated

answer

slaves rising in insurrection against their masters.

question

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when

answer

public schools were integrated in Massachusetts.

question

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South

answer

via the underground railroad.

question

The most important change in eighteenth-century colonial America was

answer

phenomenal population growth.

question

In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

answer

immigration and natural increase

question

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were

answer

Scots-Irish or slaves from Africa.

question

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

answer

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living.

question

By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in large part because

answer

farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops in quantities necessary to become wealthy.

question

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

answer

merchants

question

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

answer

New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor.

question

Many Germans and Scots-Irish without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as "redemptioners," who were

answer

persons who had obtained money for passage from a friend or relative in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants once they arrived.

question

Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"?

answer

Pennsylvania

question

In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves

answer

were not much needed on wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor.

question

An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was

answer

to negotiate with Indian tribes to purchase land, which reduced frontier clashes.

question

A result of the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770 was that

answer

the per capita consumption of imported goods from England more than doubled.

question

The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was

answer

Quaker merchants.

question

Poor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

answer

work and wealth.

question

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

answer

slavery

question

In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?

answer

South Carolina

question

The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

answer

natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade.

question

Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because

answer

small groups of slaves ensured that newcomers could be trained by the planters' seasoned slaves.

question

A "country-born" slave was one who

answer

was born into slavery in the colonies.

question

The purpose of "seasoning" slaves was to

answer

acclimate them to the physical and cultural environment of the southern colonies.

question

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

answer

slaves served for life and could be disciplined more harshly.

question

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

answer

could neither overturn slavery nor win in the fight for freedom.

question

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

answer

the richest in North America.

question

In the eighteenth century, the Southern slaveholding gentry dominated

answer

both the politics and the economy of the South

question

An increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century colonial America led to

answer

a drop in prices and a resulting increase in the purchase of luxury goods by ordinary people.

question

The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century

answer

tied the colonists to the British economy while making them feel more British.

question

In colonial America, deists

answer

were usually educated and followed the ideas of European Enlightenment thinkers.

question

The Great Awakening can best be described as a(n)

answer

revival movement to convert nonbelievers and revive the piety of believers.

question

In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over

answer

the fur trade

question

Colonial governors had difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists because

answer

their terms of office were often less than five years, and they had little or no access to patronage positions.

question

The Seven Years' War resulted from

answer

a dispute between Indians, Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and the French over territory in the Ohio Valley.

question

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

answer

not approved by the colonies or by England.

question

The representatives of the Iroquois Nation at the Albany Congress

answer

made no commitment to helping the British fight the French.

question

The turning point of the Seven Years' War was most likely William Pitt's

answer

willingness to commit massive resources to the war.

question

The terms of the Treaty of Paris included

answer

England receiving lands east of the Mississippi River, and Spain receiving lands west of the Mississippi River.

question

As a result of the Seven Years' War,

answer

Indians lost their land and had to face colonists moving west.

question

The Seven Years' War taught colonists that

answer

discipline within the British military was far more brutal than they had expected.

question

What effect did the Seven Years' War have on England's national debt?

answer

The debt had doubled since William Pitt took office.

question

After the Seven Years' War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America, ostensibly to

answer

maintain the peace between the colonists and the Indians.

question

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

answer

prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

question

The Proclamation of 1763 was also meant to

answer

keep the peace between Indians and colonists.

question

Growing colonial resentment of British authority during the 1760s could be attributed to

answer

increased taxation and increased intrusion by Britain.

question

In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the

answer

Sugar Act.

question

An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter

answer

was an internal tax that few colonists could escape.

question

George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because

answer

the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were.

question

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

answer

Virginia alone had the right to tax Virginians.

question

The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the

answer

Stamp Act

question

The Stamp Act of 1765

answer

set an ominous precedent in the eyes of the colonists.

question

The Sons of Liberty, protestors against the Stamp Act, organized a large demonstration that showed colonists

answer

their ability to have a decisive impact on politics.

question

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

answer

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official's home.

question

In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government

answer

repealed the act but reaffirmed parliamentary power by passing the Declaratory Act

question

The Declaratory Act showed Britain's refusal to compromise on Parliament's power to tax because it

answer

asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

question

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

answer

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.

question

In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which

answer

placed new duties on imported items such as tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors.

question

The Revenue Act of 1767

answer

directed that some of the revenue generated from its application be used to pay the salaries of royal governors.

question

Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

answer

producing homespun cloth.

question

Mounting tensions between Bostonians and British soldiers in early 1770 led to the Boston Massacre,

answer

a skirmish in which five people were killed.

question

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

answer

It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection.

question

John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to

answer

show that the Boston leaders were defenders of British liberty and law.

question

In the early 1770s, several incidents brought the colonies' conflict with England into sharp focus, including the

answer

burning of the Gaspée.

question

The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as

answer

"committees of correspondence."

question

According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

boost sales for Britain's East India Company.

question

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament's taxation and legislative powers

question

Bostonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December of 1773 with the

answer

dumping of thousands of pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

question

The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included

answer

a law closing Boston harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.

question

The Quebec Act affronted many Americans because it

answer

gave Roman Catholic Quebec control of the Ohio Valley

question

The Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts) spread alarm among the colonists, who feared that

answer

their liberties were insecure.

question

Delegates to the First Continental Congress

answer

sought to identify their liberties as British subjects and debated possible responses to the Coercive Acts.

question

The First Continental Congress

answer

denied Parliament's right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade.

question

The First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, whose purpose was to

answer

enforce a staggered and limited boycott of trade.

question

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

answer

realized the seriousness of the situation and requested twenty thousand additional troops from England.

question

General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord

answer

because he was ordered to quell the dissenters before they became more organized.

question

The first shot at Lexington was fired by

answer

an unknown person.

question

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

answer

promising freedom to defecting, able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.

question

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

answer

participating in nonconsumption agreements.

question

About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the

answer

Second Continental Congress

question

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to

answer

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

question

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

answer

worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability.

question

Continental dollars were

answer

merely paper backed by no precious metals.

question

The battle of Bunker Hill

answer

was a costly victory for the British.

question

When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found

answer

enthusiastic but undisciplined troops.

question

The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775

answer

affirmed loyalty to the monarch, blamed Parliament for all the troubles, and asked that American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.

question

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

answer

called for independence and a republican government.

question

Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed

answer

the issue of slavery

question

When New York delegates endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 15, 1776, it meant that

answer

the resolution for independence had passed unanimously.

question

One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was

answer

the logistics of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water.

question

The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

answer

regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies.

question

In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress

answer

offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war's duration.

question

Women served in the Continental army by

answer

performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded.

question

As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

answer

free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.

question

One of the many weaknesses of the Continental army was that

answer

it was inexperienced and undermanned.

question

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

answer

turn back the British and defeat their invading armies.

question

The British strategy in the war in America was to

answer

recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.

question

The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war

answer

showed that the Americans were not just reacting to the British invasion of Massachusetts.

question

In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,

answer

British troops led by General Howe forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

question

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

answer

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.

question

The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were

answer

local judges, customs officers, wealthy merchants, and urban lawyers.

question

During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes

answer

first hoped to stay neutral, but many ended up fighting on the British side.

question

Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

answer

joining the British army or supplying it with food or ammunition.

question

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

answer

devaluation of the money and escalating prices.

question

Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by

answer

offering land grant certificates and issuing certificates of debt.

question

When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government

answer

proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence

question

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

answer

low because corruption was undermining the patriots' cause.

question

Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by

answer

hostility and violent anti-Indian campaigns.

question

Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

answer

brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.

question

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it

answer

saw an opportunity to defeat England, France's archrival.

question

In their campaign in the South, beginning in 1778, the British

answer

captured Georgia and South Carolina and dealt General Gates a devastating defeat at Camden, South Carolina.

question

In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British

answer

attempted to recapture the southern colonies and place loyalists in power.

question

News of Benedict Arnold's treason

answer

inspired renewed patriotism in America.

question

After Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason,

answer

England's southern campaign faced small bands of American guerrillas fighting a series of fierce battles in the southern backcountry.

question

After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because

answer

the French gave military support to Washington.

question

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

answer

the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake, thus commanding the bay and the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.

question

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

answer

the British acknowledged that the United States were "free Sovereign and independent States."

question

For the Indians, the peace that began in 1783

answer

meant displacement and only a temporary lull in fighting.

question

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

answer

of America's alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.

question

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

answer

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes.

question

Under the Articles of Confederation,

answer

each state had a single vote in Congress.

question

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

answer

claims to western lands.

question

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because

answer

the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

question

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

answer

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed.

question

In devising their new constitutions, most states

answer

reduced the powers of the governor.

question

Virginia's constitution was the first to

answer

include a bill of rights.

question

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

answer

include property ownership because property owners had independence of mind.

question

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

answer

New Jersey

question

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

answer

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.

question

In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

answer

most northern states.

question

Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

answer

huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure.

question

Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

answer

passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).

question

In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

answer

set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.

question

Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

answer

by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each.

question

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

answer

clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land.

question

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

answer

prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

question

Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

answer

increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

question

Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a

answer

dispatch of a private army of militiamen.

question

The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was

answer

the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

question

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

answer

were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation.

question

The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

answer

how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.

question

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

answer

Virginia Plan.

question

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

answer

that the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population.

question

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

answer

called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.

question

The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

answer

representation.

question

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

answer

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

question

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

answer

Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause

question

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

answer

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed.

question

In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.

question

To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

answer

devised the electoral college.

question

Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

answer

by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

question

The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

answer

national over state governments.

question

Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

answer

Federalists

question

The first state to ratify the Constitution was

answer

Delaware

question

Antifederalists were united mainly by

answer

their desire to block the Constitution.

question

Antifederalism in New York centered on

answer

the state's size and power in relation to the new federal government.

question

The authors of the series of essays known as The Federalist Papers originally wrote them

answer

as newspaper articles detailing the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

question

In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

answer

prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.

question

The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

answer

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.

question

Which of the following does not accuarately describe the work of a historian?

answer

historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people

question

though ancient americans lacked writing skills they

answer

use dmany other kinds of symbolic representation

question

modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by

answer

combining a variety of apporaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors

question

although the exact time people began migrating to Noth America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived

answer

around 15,000 BP

question

after their arrival in the western hemisphere, paleo-indians migrated to the southern tip of south america and virtually everywhere else in the western hemisphere within approximately

answer

1000 years

question

about 11,000 years ago the paleo-indians faced a major crisis because

answer

the large aninmals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate

question

the apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millenia because people devoted more energy to

answer

foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and lef to more profound environmental adaptations

question

in 1492, native american cultures were

answer

so varied that they defy easy and simple description

question

archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

answer

nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

question

the most important source of food for archaic peoples inhabiting the great basin was

answer

plants

question

the primary reason native people in california remained hunter and gatehrers for hundreds of years after europeans arrived int he western hemisphere was that

answer

both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply

question

the cultures of the archaic peoples of the eastern woodland were shaped by their

answer

forest environment

question

which of the following imporatnt changes occurred among the woodland cultures around 4000 bp

answer

they incorporated agriculture and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

question

corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

answer

3500 bp

question

hohokam settlements utilized irrigation canals

answer

to plant and harvest crops twice a year

question

multistory cliff dwelling and puevlos are residential atructures associated with the

answer

anasazi communities

question

anasazi culture disappeared

answer

because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years

question

burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

answer

woodland cultures

question

archaeologists believe that the first ancient woodlan moun builders were organized into cheifdoms because

answer

the impressive organization used in building the mounds and th aritfcats found within them suggest that the power to cmmand labor from others was in the hands of one person

question

the analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at hopewell sites shows that in this chiefdom at least

answer

burial was reserved for the most important members of society

question

cahokia near present day st. louis missouri was

answer

the largest mississippian site

question

scholars speculate that hopewell culture declined

answer

because farming and new weapons encouraged local autonomy and made central authority unnecessary

question

at the time of columbu's arrival in the new world the population of native americans in north america is prudently estimated to have been

answer

4 million

question

in 1492 the population density of north america was

answer

much less that of england

question

tha athapascan tribes mainly apache and navajo were

answer

skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo indians

question

around the time europeans arrived in the new world most native americans obtained much of their food

answer

through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming

question

the greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited orth america at the dawn of european colonizatio was that

answer

their distinct cultures had developed as adapations to their local natural environments

question

in ad 1492 the empire of the mexica

answer

encompassed up to 25 million and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered

question

the group that held the most exalted position in mexican society was

answer

warriors

question

the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

answer

poor, the common, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and the conquerors

question

The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

answer

Spain

question

While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's population, it was beneficial in that it one major long-term consequence is that it

answer

eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities for advancement.

question

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

answer

technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige.

question

The first European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the fifteenth century was

answer

Portugal.

question

The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

answer

Prince Henry the Navigator.

question

Which of the following countries first navigated a sea route from Europe to Asia?

answer

Portugal

question

A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

answer

destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asian marketplaces.

question

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

answer

the East Indies.

question

When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were

answer

overjoyed to hear that he had discovered new lands.

question

The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans?

answer

They farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs.

question

If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

answer

proving that it was possible to sail from Europe to the western Atlantic and return to Europe.

question

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

answer

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean—territory west of the line belonged to Spain, and territory east of the line belonged to Portugal.

question

John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

answer

Newfoundland

question

The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally made landfall on the coast of

answer

Brazil

question

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

answer

the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia.

question

Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

answer

convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route.

question

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the

answer

Columbian exchange.

question

Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

answer

exposed Indians to devastating Old World diseases.

question

Hernán Cortés's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

answer

served as a model for future colonization and made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe.

question

A fourteen-year-old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernán Cortés by

answer

serving as an interpreter and a cultural broker.

question

Hernán Cortés was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

answer

tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico.

question

In 1517, Martin Luther publicized his criticism of the Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

answer

how salvation could be gained.

question

The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles I in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

answer

consolidate the largest empire in Europe and to fight religious wars with Protestants and Muslims

question

The first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States was

answer

St. Augustine, Florida

question

The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

answer

greatly. The lack of natives created a labor shortage that led to the purchase of African slaves.

question

Like many other European colonies in the New World, New Spain developed a pattern of social organization in which

answer

Europeans became a dominant minority in a society stratified by race and social origin.

question

A new social class was made up of children who were born in the Spanish New World to parents who had emigrated from Spain, referred to as

answer

creoles.

question

The gender and number of Spanish settlers in New Spain created a society in which

answer

Spanish men frequently married Indian women and a class structure emerged with only 1 to 2 percent of the population dominating.

question

Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

answer

poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors.

question

After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

answer

silver mining.

question

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a(n)

answer

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.

question

Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

answer

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor.

question

Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

answer

often resorted to violence in their interactions with Indians.

question

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

answer

gentlemen and their servants.

question

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the sixteenth century, the English of the Virginia Company

answer

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity.

question

The Virginia colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

answer

been willing to learn how to farm.

question

Because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

answer

were almost exterminated.

question

King James revoked the Virginia Company charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

answer

Powhatan's uprising and an investigative report showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists.

question

The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

answer

tobacco.

question

If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

answer

a lack of workers

question

Most hired workers

answer

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in two or three years of labor in England.

question

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

answer

the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work.

question

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

answer

freedom dues.

question

Indentured servants tended to be

answer

poor young men born in England.

question

Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

answer

stole, became pregnant, or ran away.

question

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

answer

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them.

question

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics;

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however, the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the Catholics, and conflict existed between the groups.

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The term yeoman planter refers to a

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farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family.

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The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the

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end of the rough frontier equality within the Chesapeake population.

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Mercantilism was a(n

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economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country above the welfare of the colonies.

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Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

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the planter elite and small farmers.

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Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

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threatened to transfer power from the traditional establishments to newcomers and small farmers.

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After Bacon's death,

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royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's Laws.

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The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

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stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries.

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The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

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Barbados

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By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

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sugar.

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It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

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that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina.

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The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

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rice

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Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of eight persons in the region was

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African.

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For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system because slaves

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could be controlled politically.

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Roger Williams was

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a vocal dissenter in early Massachusetts who challenged the religious and political leadership of the colony's powerful men.

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As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed that

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Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans.

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New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

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Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

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King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

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make himself the head of the church in England.

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English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

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introspection and a personal relationship with God.

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The English monarchs James I and Charles I

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enforced conformity to the Church of England.

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The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

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contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.

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The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

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had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony.

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According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

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had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

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The migration to Puritan New England included

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a greater number of complete family units than most groups of immigrants in American history.

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The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that

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very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.

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Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

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a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.

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The New England town meeting

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brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

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Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

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tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land.

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Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

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it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony.

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In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

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experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government.

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The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

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subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.

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New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

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a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

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By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

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only 15 percent of adult males were church members in some towns.

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The Halfway Covenant was a

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measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible.

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Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

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God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.

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King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

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English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable.

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Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

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an enduring belief in the supernatural origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith.

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The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

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small, remarkably diverse population.

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In 1664, New Netherland

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became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.

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The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of which two other middle colonies?

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New Jersey and Pennsylvania

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William Penn aimed to

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establish a genuinely Quaker colony in the Americas.

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The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

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involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.

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The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

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yield revenues for the crown and English merchants and divert the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies.

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King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with

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a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians.

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