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empirical

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relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

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psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment; the term is often represented by ?, the Greek letter psi (usually pronounced "sy").

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critical thinking

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the ability and willingness to assess claims and to make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote.

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critical thinking

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the ability and willingness to assess claims and to make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote.

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argument by anecdote

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generalizing from a personal experience or a few examples to everyone

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phrenology

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Greek for "study of the mind", theory was popular in early 1800s; says different sections of the brain control different traits (this is the thing where you would feel someones head)

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Wilhelm Wundt

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founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany; he intended to make psychology a science;gets credit for initiating the movement to make psychology a science.

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trained introspection

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research method used by Wundt in which specially trained people carefully observed, analyzed and described their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions.

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structuralism

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an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements;modified version of Wudnts ideas, made popular by one of his students E. B. Titchener

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functionalism

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an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness; (William James); asked what, how, why; inspired by Darwin and evolutionary theories

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stream of consciousness

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term used by James; describes the way thoughts flow like a river, tumbling over each other in waves, sometimes placid, sometimes turbulent

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psychoanalysis

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a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts (violence and sex...)

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biological perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts

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learning perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a persons or animals actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories

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cognitive perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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sociocultural perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior (outside of the individual!)

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evolutionary psychology

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specialty of biological perspective; researchers study how our species evolutionary past may help explain some of our present behaviors and psychological traits

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behaviorists

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researchers within the learning perspective; they focus on the environmental conditions and they stick to what they can observe and measure directly, acts and events taking place in the environment

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social-cognitive learning theorists

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researchers within the learning perspective; they focus on the environmental conditions and they combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values, expectations, and inventions; believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to the environment, but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them.

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social psychologists

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researchers within the sociocultural perspective who focus on social rules and roles, how groups affect attitudes and behavior, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people

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cultural psychologists

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researchers within the sociocultural perspective who examine how cultural rules and values (both explicit and unspoken) affect peoples development, behavior, and feelings

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psychodynamic perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy

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humanist psychology

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a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behavior

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feminist psychology

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a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes

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psychological practice

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providing health or mental health services (this definition is a little sketchy.)

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basic psychology

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the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application

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applied psychology

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the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance and the application of psychological findings

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experimental psychologists

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psychologists who conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition (dont be fooled by the word experimental, though; other researchers also do experiments)

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educational psychologists

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psychologists who study psychological principles that explain learning and search for ways to improve educational systems. Their interests range from the application of findings on memory and thinking to the use of rewards to encourage achievement

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developmental psychologists

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psychologists who study how people change and grow over time--physically, mentally, and socially. In the past, their focus was mainly on childhood, but many now study adolescence, young adulthood, the middle years, or old age.

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industrial/organizational psychologists

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psychologists who study behavior in the workplace. They are concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity job stress, personnel selection, marketing strategies, equipment design, and many other issues.

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psychometric psychologists

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psychologists who design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality.

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counseling psychologists

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generally help people deal with problems of everyday life, such as test anxiety, family conflicts, or low job motivation

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school psychologists

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work with parents, teachers, and students to enhance students performance and resolve emotional difficulties

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clinical psychologists

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majority of psychologists are clinical psychologists. they are trained to do psychotherapy with highly disturbed people, as well as with those who are simply troubled or unhappy or who want to learn to handle their problems better

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psychotherapist

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anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy. the term is not legally regulated (could call yourself a psychotherapist or a therapist without any formal training)

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psychoanalyst

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person who practices one particular form of therapy , psychoanalysis. must get specialized training at a psychoanalytic institute and undergo extensive psychoanalysis yourself (used to need to have and M.D. or Ph.D for entrance...thats being waved now more. clinical social workers with masters decrees can get in now)

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psychiatrist

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a medical doctor (M.D.) who has done a residency in psychiatry, the medical specialty concerned with mental disorders, maladjustment, and abnormal behavior. do similar work to clinical psychologists but tend to focus on biological causes and treat those with medication. they can write prescriptions but are often untrained in current psychological theories and methods (some do research, too!)

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eclectic

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description for psychologists/*means they are applying in their research or practice what they believe to be the best features of diverse schools of thought

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eclectic

answer

description for psychologists/*means they are applying in their research or practice what they believe to be the best features of diverse schools of thought

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eclectic

answer

description for psychologists/*means they are applying in their research or practice what they believe to be the best features of diverse schools of thought

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eclectic

answer

description for psychologists/*means they are applying in their research or practice what they believe to be the best features of diverse schools of thought

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