CHAPTER 8 PSYCHOLOGY – Flashcards with Answers
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Aspects of thinking
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forming concepts making decisions reflecting critically or creatively
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creativity
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is the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unconventional solutions to problems
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Gardner types of intelligence
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verbal intrapersonal bodily-kinesthetic spatial
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problem solving
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finding the appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available
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intrapersonal
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the ability to understand oneself
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cognitive
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the study of consciousness, memory, and neuroscience
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intelligence
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describes individual differences in problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences
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functional fixedness
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refers to a tendency to be rigid in thinking about an object's function
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spatial intelligence
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the ability to think three-dimensionally
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
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steps in problem solving
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find and frame problems develop good problem-solving strategies evaluate solutions rethink and redefine problems over time
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bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
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ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept
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verbal intelligence
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ability to think in words and use language to express meaning
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describes the controlled system of conscious and reasoning and decision making
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effortful analytical
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning from the specific to the general
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guarantee a solution to a problem
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algorithms
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heuristics
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shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarantee, a solution to a problem; cognitive shortcuts -enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves
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fixation
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involves using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective
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decision making
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evaluating alternatives and making choices among them -missing info -cant predict future -rely on automatic processing
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interpersonal intelligence
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ability to understand and relate well to others
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cognitive appraisal
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individuals interpretation of a situation (harmful, threatening, or challenging) determines whether they can cope with the events
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convergent thinking
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thinking that produces one correct answer
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heritability
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portion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by difference in genes of the groups members
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reliability
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extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
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confirmation bias
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tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas
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analytical intelligence
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ability to judge, evaluate, compare and contrast
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normal distribution
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symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; majority of scores fall in the middle of the range and few scores appear toward the extremes
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finding solutions
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initial state goal state operators path constraints
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efficient problem solving
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algorithms goal state barriers solution (don't think of every solution)
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hill climbing strategy
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choose option that moves you in direction of goal, many problems may require you to move away from a goal
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creativity
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characteristics: brainstorm flexibility and playful thinking inner motivation willingness to face risk objective evaluation of work
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critical thinking
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thinking relatively and productively and evaluating evidence
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mindfulness
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alert and mentally present
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open-mindedness
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receptive to new ways of looking at things
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divergent thinking
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open ended no correct answer thinking of novel uses for objects
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creative intelligence
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create, design, invent, originate, imagine
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practical intelligence
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use, apply implement, put ideas into practice
