question

androgyny

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the presence of masculine and feminine personality characteristics in one individual

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associative

answer

Play in which children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior

question

authoritarian

answer

A child rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting. It my way or the highway

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authoritative

answer

A child rearing style that is the most successful approach; involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting

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child rearing styles

answer

Different combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate

question

cooperative

answer

__________ play is a more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.

question

constancy

answer

Gender --------- is the concept that gender does not change regardless of how one behaves or what clothes one wears

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identity

answer

Gender _________ is an individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine in characteristics

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gender schema theory

answer

information-processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender role development

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typing

answer

Gender ---------- is any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender

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induction

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discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others.

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initiative vs guilt

answer

3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off. Erikson

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matters of personal choice

answer

choice of friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual are viewed as _____________

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moral imperatives

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rules and expectations that protect people's rights and welfare

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nonsocial activity

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unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play

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parallel

answer

Type of play where the child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior

question

permissive

answer

Warm and accepting but uninvolved, either overindulgent or inattentive... engage in little behavior control, allow children to make many decisions for themselves at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so describes the _________ child rearing style.

question

physical

answer

__________ aggression harms others through physical injury, acts such as hitting or pushing with an intent to harm.

question

proactive

answer

_________ aggression is unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire

question

altruistic behavior

answer

helping behavior that is not linked to personal gain; recognition and reward are not expected

question

prosocial behavior

answer

Voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person

question

psychological

answer

___________ control behaviors intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expression, individuality, and attachments to parents.

question

reactive

answer

__________ aggression is an angry defensive response to frustration or provocation meant to hurt another person

question

relational

answer

____________ aggression damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation

question

concept

answer

self _________ is the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

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esteem

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self _________ is the judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements.

question

social conventions

answer

customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and politeness rituals

question

sympathy

answer

feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight

question

time out

answer

removing children from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately.

question

uninvolved

answer

type of child rearing style which combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy

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verbal

answer

____________ aggression harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing

question

initiative

answer

new sense of purposefulness, eagerness to try new tasks, play permits trying out new skills, strides in conscience development

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Guilt

answer

overly strict superego or conscience, causing too much guilt, related to parental threats, criticism or punishment.

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understanding

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Self __________ comes from emerging language skills that enable children to discuss inner mental states. Self awareness supports development of self concept

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empathic

answer

As the ability to take another's perspective improves, -------- responding increases.

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more

answer

Preschool teachers tend to give girls ------- encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

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pretend

answer

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are less likely to encourage ________ play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits

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morality

answer

According to social learning theorists, ________ is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

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behavior

answer

According to cognitive-developmental theory, self-perceptions come before __________ in the development of gender identity.

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aggressive

answer

Verbally and relationally _________ acts are particularly frequent in reality TV shows.

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change

answer

A few minutes in time out can be enough to ______ behavior and also allows parents time to cool off.

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play

answer

According to Erikson's theory, children best learn to cooperate to achieve goals through ________.

question

intense shame

answer

Among Western children, __________ is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and with maladjustment.

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superego

answer

According to Freud, children obey the ________ to avoid guilt.

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empathy

answer

Feeling with another person and responding emotionally in a similar way.

question

eager

answer

According to Erikson, young children are ----- to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers and discover what they can do with the help of adults.

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strict

answer

According to Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly ---- conscience that causes children to feel too much guilt.

question

break down

answer

When children feel too much guilt, their exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks ----.

question

emotional self regulation

answer

strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

question

effortful control

answer

Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood

question

guilt

answer

The psychoanalytic perspective says children obey the superego to avoid ------, the painful emotion that arises each time they are tempted to misbehave.

question

parental love

answer

Freud believed fear of punishment and loss of -------- motivates conscience formation and moral behavior.

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reinforcement

answer

According to social learning theory, moral behavior is acquired like any other set of responses: through ---------- and modeling.

question

operant conditioning

answer

reinforcement for good behavior with approval, affection and other rewards.

question

active thinkers

answer

In the cognitive-developmental model of morality, the children are ----- about social rules.

question

physical abuse

answer

Assaults, such as kicking, biting, shaking that inflict physical injury.

question

sexual abuse

answer

Fondling, exhibitionism, production of pornography.

question

Neglect

answer

Failure to meet a child's basic needs for food, clothing, medical attention, education, or supervision.

question

emotional abuse

answer

acts that could cause serious mental or behavioral disorders, including social isolation, repeated unreasonable demands, ridicule, humiliation, intimidation.

question

emotional

answer

abusive parents react to stressful situations with high ------ arousal

question

effective

answer

Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers come up with ________ ways to relieve others' negative feelings.

question

beliefs

answer

Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped _________ by asking children to avoid using gender labels

question

girl

answer

Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl's clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll is now a ________.

question

girls

answer

Three-year-old Nathan is a gender-schematic child. Because Nathan does not like raisins, he is likely to conclude that only __________ like(s) raisins.

question

active

answer

Of all preschool children, Xander, who is_______, is the most likely to be a target of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

question

superego

answer

According to Freud, children obey the _______ to avoid guilt

question

self perceptions, behavior

answer

According to cognitive-developmental theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

question

emotional

answer

Between ages 2 and 6, ___________ self-regulation improves.

question

typing

answer

Gender __________ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

question

?

answer

Mr. Cortez explains to his 5-year-old daughter that she should not talk loudly at the library because other people are trying to read. Mr. Cortez's explanation is an example of

question

prosocial

answer

Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior

question

autonomy

answer

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of ___________, they become less contrary than they were as toddlers.

question

type

answer

Concerning peer sociability, it is the _________, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.

question

compassionate

answer

Within the development of morality, truly moral individuals have developed ____________ concerns and principles of good conduct.

question

emotional

answer

Between ages 2 and 6, __________ self-regulation improves.

question

have

answer

When asked "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say? "I _____ new, blue shoes."

question

sociable

answer

Four-year-old Simka is __________ and good at regulating emotion. She is likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.

question

sense

answer

Giving young children reasons for changing their behavior encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make_______.

question

narratives

answer

Self-evaluative __________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

question

competition

answer

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize

Chapter 8 Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood – Flashcards

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