chapter 7: stratification – Flashcards
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rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was:
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private property
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karl marx and jean-jacques rousseau tended to agree on at least one thing. they both felt that the primary source of social ills in society was due to the emergence of:
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private property
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fergurson and millar saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing a huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization:
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efficiency
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what is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future?
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assets
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thomas malthus believed that the human population grows _______, but the ability to produce food increases ________
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geometrically; arithmetically
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thomas malthus had a positive view of inequality. he defended disease, slavery, and child murder. why?
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he felt this would allow the population to thin itself out naturally.
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one of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to:
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provide family planning
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what term refers to a two-directional relationship, one that goes both way like a conversation between two people (such as master-slave)?
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dialectic
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according to the german philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:
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dependency
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which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources?
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equality of outcome
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what term refers to the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of god?
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ontological equality
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the game of monopoly follows the rules of what standard of equality?
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equality of opportunity
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the modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society?
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bourgeois
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a system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:
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meritocratic
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an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice is:
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affirmative action
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the examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of:
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stratification
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a type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the:
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caste system
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under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?
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class system
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business managers are examples of what concept
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contradictory class location
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which theorist argues that members of a class are grouped by their value in the commercial marketplace?
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weber
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sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through occupation but also through:
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all of the above
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mills argues that there are three major institutional forces in modern American society in which the power of decision making has become centralized. which of the following is not one of these forces?
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social order
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sociologists often describe an individual's position in a stratified social order that attempts to classify groups, individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education. sociologists call this:
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socioeconomic status
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which term refers to everything you own minus debts (such as mortgage on your home and credit card debt)?
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wealth
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what is the primary source of income for the upper class?
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returns on investments
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what is the fastest-growing job market for people with only a high school education?
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food preparation
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in political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve our assistance are termed the
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working poor
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what is another term for the nonworking poor?
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underclass
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what is one of the main reasons cited for rising income and wealth inequality in the united states?
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globalization
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the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society is called:
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social mobility
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which term refers to a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same run of the ladder?
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horizontal social mobility
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the rise and fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called
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vertical social mobility
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mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called
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structural mobility
