Chapter 6- Review
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people in the US live in a stratified society in which social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige
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true
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because crime rates are higher in lower-class areas, many criminologists believe that the causes of crime are rooted in socioeconomic factors
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true
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in recent years, the number of homeless children in the US has declined to an all-time low of 1 in every 50 children.
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false
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children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete school than children who don't grow up in low-income households.
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true
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social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many area residents into criminal behavior patterns
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true
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some social structure theorists argue that destructive forces in poverty-stricken areas are responsible for high crime rates.
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true
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the social disorganization concepts articulated by Shaw and McKay enjoyed short-term prominence due to the growing homogeneity of American society over time.
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false
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Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis confirmed that even though crime rates changed, the highest rates were always in Zones 1 and Zone 2
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true
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people who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting
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true
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collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is based on mutual trust
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true
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__________ are segments of the population whose members have relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values, and norms
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social classes
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people grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige are referred to as a __________
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stratified society
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the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime is known as ________ theory
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social structure
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which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?
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social disorganization theory
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according to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to
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socieoeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society
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social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists
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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
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Shaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context of _______
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the changing urban environment end ecological development of the city
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according to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that ________
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crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure
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according to Shaw and McKay, a _______ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.
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transitional
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cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop _______
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collective efficacy
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what is the result of ineffective community social control efforts
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crime rates increase
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stratified society
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people grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige
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social classes
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segment of the population whose members are at a relatively similar economic level and who share attitudes, values, and norms, and an identifiable lifestyle
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culture of poverty
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a separate lower-class culture characterized by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies, and the police that is passed from one generation to the next
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underclass
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the lowest social stratum in any country, whose members lack the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society
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social structure theory
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the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime
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social disorganization theory
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branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment
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collective efficacy
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social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order
