Chapter 6 4 – Flashcards

Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of 2 protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)? (other substances / rxns can be used) a. H3PO4 H2++ HPO4¯ b.H3PO4 H22+ + PO42¯ c. H3PO4 2H++ HPO42¯ d. H3PO4 H33+ + PO43¯

Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide? (other substances / rxns can be used) a.Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OH¯ b. MgOH Mg2+ + OH2¯ c. Mg(OH)3 Mg3+ + 3OH¯ d.Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + H2O + O2-

Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution? (other numbers can be used) a.MH+ = 3.2 * 10¯3 M b.MOH- = 3.6 * 10¯9 M c.MH+ = 9.7 * 10¯4 M d.MOH- = 3.4 * 10¯3 M

Evaluate the ratio MH+ (pH 3) / MH+ (pH 7). (other numbers can be used) a. 0.0001 b. 0.001 c. 0.429 d. 10,000

What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain? a. nitrogen b. ozone c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide

Which anthropogenic pollutants are implicated in the formation of most acidic precipitation? a. carbon oxides b. phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid c. ozone and carbon monoxide d.nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides

Sulfur oxides have been implicated as important contributors to the problem of acid rain. What is the principal anthropogenic source of these compounds? a. transportation b. coal fired powerplants c. lightning d. volcanoes

The formation of nitric oxide (NO, a precursor to nitric acid) from oxygen and nitrogen is ordinarily a very slow process. What accounts for its more rapid formation in automobile exhaust? a. the extreme conditions involved in gasoline combustion b. the presence of nitrogen compounds in gasoline c. catalysts present in fuel that facilitate its formation d. well-designed catalytic converters

A proton released by an acid in aqueous solution quickly reacts with water to form a hydronium ion. What product is formed when a proton reacts with ammonia (NH3)? (other substances can be used) a. NH3+ b. NH4 c. NH2¯ d. NH4+

The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13. (other numbers can be used) a. 1,000 times less b. 3 times greater c. 1,000 times greater d.100 times less

Coal switching refers to the practice of a. converting oil or natural gas power plants to coal because coal is cheaper. b. pulverizing coal in order to make it burn more efficiently. c. converting coal power plants to oil or natural gas to reduce SOx emissions. d. using coal with a lower sulfur content to reduce SOx emissions.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 authorize the assignment of permits to corporations allowing a predetermined level of sulfur dioxide emissions. Permit holders that keep emissions below the permit level may a. charge a higher price for generated power. b. sell their unused emission rights to another corporation. c. receive tax rebates. d. receive a lower emission permit in the future.

Which reaction most accurately represents the dissociation of nitrous acid (HNO2) in water? (other substances can be used) a. HNO2 + H2O H3O++ NO2¯ b. HNO2 + H2O H3O2++ NO¯ c. HNO2 + H2O HN + HO++HO2¯ d. HNO2 + H2O H3O++ N + O2¯

Predict the products of this reaction (other rxns can be used): KOH + HNO3 a. KNO3 + H2O b. KNO2 + H2O2 c. KH + HNO4 d. KO4 + H2N

Lakes surrounded by ______ have very little acid-neutralizing capacity. I. marble II. granite III. limestone a. I only b. II only c. I and III only d. II and III only

The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often derives from the presence of _______ in the surrounding soil or rock. a. CaCO3 b.HNO3 c. NaCl d. Sr(OH)2

One of the functions of an automobile catalytic converter contributes to the battle against acid rain. Which reaction represents this function as carried out by a catalytic converter? a. HNO2 + NaOH H2O + NaNO2 b. NO2 + H2O HO++ HNO2¯ c. 2 NO N2 + O2 d. HNO3 + NaOH H2O + NaNO3

Cars and trucks produce most of the NOx emissions and they also suffer the deleterious effects of acid rain. Which negative effects of acid rain affect cars and trucks? I. decreased gas mileage II. damage to the paint and finish III. increased susceptibility to rust IV. reduced radio reception a. I and II only b. I and IV only c. II and III only d. III and IV only

Carbon dioxide is the acid anhydride of which compound? (other substances can be used) a. CH2O3 b. CO c. CH2O d. CHO2

Bases produce which ions in aqueous solution? a, OH¯ b. NO2¯ c. Cl¯ d. SO3¯

Which reaction represents an acid base neutralization reaction? (other rxns can be used) a. HNO2 + H2O H3O++ NO2¯ b. NaOH + H2O H3O++ NaO¯ c. Ba(OH)2 + 2LiCl BaCl2 + 2LiOH d.Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 BeSO4 + 2H2O

Which outcome(s) might result from the practice of coal switching? I. decline in mining employment in high sulfur coal producing states II. an increase in the acidity of rain downwind of the power plant III. a decrease in the acidity of rain downwind of the power plant IV. an increase in the price of emissions allowances a. I and III only b. II and IV c. only III and IV d. only IV only

. Why have efforts to reduce sulfur oxide emissions met with greater success than those directed at nitrogen oxide emissions reductions? a.Sulfur oxides have higher molar masses than nitrogen oxides. b. Sulfur oxide emissions come from a limited number of point sources, c. Nitrogen oxides are only produced at power plants. d. Nitrogen reacts more readily with oxygen than sulfur

The primary product of the combustion of sulfur is: a. H2S b.H2SO4 c. H2SO3 d. SO2

. What is the current expert consensus concerning the role of acid rain on the health of forests? a. Acid rain is indisputably responsible for the declining health of many forests. b. Acid rain is not responsible for any of the decline observed in many forests. c. Acid rain weakens trees and the surrounding soil, leaving them susceptible to disease and insects. d. There is not sufficient evidence that acid rain has caused an appreciable decline in the health of any forests

. Which statement(s) concerning SOx and NOx emissions are true? I. Automobiles produce NOx but very little SOx. II. Power plants produce only SOx. III. Diesel powered vehicles produce only SOx. IV. The high concentration of nitrogen compounds in gasoline accounts for the formation of NOx by automobiles and trucks. a. I only b. I and II only c. II and IV only d. I, II, III, and IV

Sulfur dioxide, the primary product of sulfur combustion, further reacts with oxygen as shown. 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 What is the final step in the formation of the acidic aerosol? a. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with nitrogen oxide. b. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with water. c. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with sodium hydroxide. d. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with nitrogen gas.

Which solution is acidic? (other numbers can be used) a. MOH¯ = 0.0065 M b. MH+ = 1.27 * 10¯9 M c. MH+ = 5.79 *10¯10 M d. MOH¯ = 1.77 * 10¯10 M

Which nitrogen-containing substance is generally unreactive? a. NO b. NaNO2 c. N2 d. NH3

Soil nitrification refers to which process? a. conversion of NO to NO2 b. conversion of nitrogen oxides to nitric acid c. conversion of N2 to NO2¯ d. conversion of NH4+to NO3¯

Most of the sulfur in coal originates from a. decaying vegetation in swamps and peat bogs. b. sulfate ions (SO42-) naturally present in sea water. c. sulfur deposits located adjacent to coal deposits. d.the natural sulfur content of the plants making up the coal.

Why did the industrial-scale production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen present a difficult challenge? a. Ammonia is explosive. b. Nitrogen is difficult to purify. c. Nitrogen is unreactive. d. Hydrogen is unreactive.

What is the source of the nitrogen in the NOx emitted from fossil fuel combustion? a. the atmosphere b. coal c. natural gas d. oil

In addition to fossil fuel combustion, what other facet of modern industrial society contributes to the formation of acid rain? a.the use of chlorofluorocarbons b. deforestation c. fertilizer production d. the use of river water in cooling towers

The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to: a. 4.7 b. 5.4 c. 7.0 d. 8.7

If acids are compounds that release protons (H+ ), how is it that SOx and NOx cause acid rain? a. They react with hydrogen gas in the atmosphere to produce acids. b. There is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these compounds actually do cause acid rain. c. They react with water to form acids. d. They react with ammonia to form acid

Galvanized iron is coated with which element? a. chromium b. copper c. bronze d. zinc

Which reaction illustrates how acid rain causes the decomposition of marble monuments? a.Ca(OH)2 + H2+ Ca2+ + 2 H2O b. CaCO3 + 2 H+ Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O c. 4 Fe2+ + O2 + 4 H2O 2 Fe2O3 + 8H+ d. Ca(OH)2 + 2 H2O CaO22¯ + 2 H3O+

Nationally, the greatest amounts of NOx in the atmosphere are produced by which of these? I. transporation sources (motor vehicles, aircraft, trains) II. combustion of fuel in electrical utility plants and industry releases III. denitrification in farm fields a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III

Which reaction accounts for the fact that the pH of rain is naturally slightly acidic? a.CO2 + H2O H++ HCO3¯ b. SO3 + H2O 2 H++ SO42¯ c. Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + 2 H+ d. NO2 + H2O 2 H++ NO3¯

Which reactive nitrogen compound is produced using the Haber-Bosch process? a, NaNO3 b. KNO3 c. NH3 d. NO2

The amounts of SO2 and NOx emissions from anthropogenic sources are ______ those from natural sources. a. considerably greater than b. roughly equivalent to c. somewhat less than d. considerably less than

Bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion concentration in aqueous solution. Why does ammonia (NH3), which does not contain a hydroxide group, act as a base? a. Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of hydroxide ion-containing compounds. b.Ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions. c. Ammonia molecules donate protons to water molecules, forming hydroxide ions. d. Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of very strong acids.

An acidic fog in Pasadena was found to have a pH of 2.50. Which expression represents this pH measurement? a. MOH¯ = 3.2 * 10¯12 M b. MOH¯ = 3.2 * 10¯9 M c. MH+ = 9.7 * 10¯3 M d. MH+ = 2.5 M

Which is the correct definition of an acid anhydride? a. an acid that has donated a proton b. the neutralization product of an acid and a base c. a compound that reacts with water to form an acid d. a compound that gives off water to become an acid

Predict the products of the chemical equation.(other substances / rxns can be used): 3 LiOH + H3PO4 a. 3 LiH + (OH)3PO4 b. 3 H + 3 O2 + H3Li3 c. Li3PO4 + 3 H2O d. Li3P + 2 H2O + H3O5

Coal cleaning is a. removal of surface SO2 with scrubbers. b. removal of surface impurities by abrasion. c. washing crushed coal to remove heavy impurities. d. reacting coal with limestone prior to its combustion.

A substance that is hygroscopic a. absorbs and retains moisture from the atmosphere. b. releases water to the atmosphere. c. purifies water by removing nitrate and sulfate ions. d. prevents atmospheric gases from forming aerosols.

Iron, an important component of the steel used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and railroads, combines with oxygen to form Fe2O3, which we recognize as rust. At room temperature, iron a. combines readily with atmospheric oxygen to form Fe2O3. b. requires the presence of a galvanizing agent and oxygen before it can rust. c. gains valence electrons from atmospheric oxygen, forming Fe2O3. d. requires the presence of hydrogen ions and oxygen before it can form Fe2O3.