Chapter 5 – Infancy Language Development – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Major Language Development Milestones that Occur in Infancy (5)
answer
Infant Speech Perception Awareness of Actions and Intentions Category Formation Early Vocalizations Additional Milestones
question
Speech Perception
answer
The ability to devote attention to the prosodic and phonetic regularities of speech.
question
Prosodic regularities
answer
comes first; pausing, rhythm, stress, volume
question
Phonetic regularities
answer
more complex; picking up on speech sounds
question
Categorical perception
answer
distinguishing between phonemes; voiced/unvoiced, speech/non-speech sounds
question
Category Formation
answer
forming categories for objects, actions, and events according to perceptual and conceptual features
question
Infants who are not yet learning words devote greater attention to the _______ ______ of speech, whereas, older children concentrate their efforts on ______ _______.
answer
Phonetic Details, Word Learning
question
Phonotactic Regularities
answer
Permissible combinations of phonemes in ones' native language, rules of speech EX: -ing is not going to come at the beginning a word
question
Allophones
answer
Variations of sounds in the same category
question
Voice onset time
answer
Interval between the release of a stop consonant (ex: p, b, t, d) and the onset of vocal cord vibrations. Used to distinguish between sounds in different categories
question
3 Levels of Category Formation
answer
Superordinate level Subordinate level Basic Level
question
Superordinate Level
answer
-Uppermost level in a category hierarchy -Most general concept -infants DONT HAVE YET
question
Subordinate Level
answer
-Lowermost level in a category hierarchy -Specific broad concepts -infants DONT HAVE YET
question
Basic Level
answer
-Center of a category hierarchy -general nominals (ex: apple, chair, shirt) -INFANTS HAVE THIS
question
Two types of categories:
answer
perceptual and conceptual
question
Perceptual Categorization 3 months? 4 months?
answer
-Knowing what the object looks like 3 mos- distinguish dogs and cats 4 mos- distinguish animals and furniture
question
Conceptual Categorization
answer
Knowing what the object is/does; involves inductive reasoning
question
Stage model
answer
A model that reflects the fact that infants' vocalizations are thought to follow an observable and sequential pattern
question
Stages of Early Vocalization Development (6)
answer
1. Reflexive 2. Control of phonation 3. Expansion 4. Control of Articulators 5. Canonical Syllables 6. Advanced Forms
question
Reflexive Stage when?
answer
-0-8 weeks./2 months -discomfort/distress and vegetative sounds, don't control anything--just make sounds EX: crying, fussing
question
Control of phonation when?
answer
-6-16 weeks. -can turn mouth on & off, cooing and gooing; vowel-like sounds; playing with tongue (raspberries)
question
Expansion when?
answer
-4-6 mos. -Gain more control over the articulators; isolated vowel sounds; vowel glides; experiment with the loudness and pitch of their voices
question
Control of articulators when?
answer
5-8 mos. -FULL control; marginal babbling; vowels and consonants
question
Canonical Syllables when?
answer
6-10 mos. -True babbling appears (CVCVCV); reduplicated babbling; non-reduplicated/variegated babbling
question
Reduplicated babbling
answer
repeating consonant and vowel pairs; over and over again (ex: ma ma ma ma)
question
Non-reduplicated/variegated babbling
answer
non-repeating consonant and vowel combinations; more complex (ex: do ma goo ga)
question
Advanced Form when?
answer
10 - 18 months. -complex syllable patterns (CVC, CCV, VCV); models words, jargon (last stage before real words)
question
Jargon
answer
More advanced form of babbling; milestones parents track most
question
Early Foundations for Language Development (4)
answer
-Infant-directed speech -Joint Reference and Attention -Daily Routines of Infancy -Caregiver Responsiveness
question
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
answer
"baby talk" adults use with young language learners; helps infant with cues and chunking
question
Paralinguistic characteristics of IDS
answer
-high overall pitch -exaggerated pitch contours -slower tempo
question
Syntactic characteristics of IDS
answer
-smaller MLU -short sentences/simple -more content words (noun + verb) -repetition -questions
question
3 developmental phases of Joint Reference and Attention
answer
1. Joint Referencing 2. Development of joint attention 3. Start using words
question
Joint Referencing when?
answer
6 mos. -Can sustain attention on caregiver
question
Development of joint attention when?
answer
6 to 12 mos. -Baby engaged w/ caregiver and now mutually engaged in external object - using gestures
question
Intersubjective awareness (joint attention)
answer
The recognition of when one shares a mental focus on some external object or action with another person
question
Imperative pointing when? (joint attention)
answer
Pointing to ask; requests to adults to retrieve objects (10 months)
question
Declarative pointing (joint attention)
answer
-call adult's attention to objects and to comment on objects -comes before imperative pointing
question
Transition to Language when?
answer
1 year & older. -Incorporate language into their communication to engage socially with others & to use language to represent events & objects within these interactions
question
Daily Routines
answer
Provide a sense of comfort and predictability also provide opportunities for language learning; can pay more attention to mom -imp. so they won't worry/stress about what is going to come next
question
Caregiver Responsiveness
answer
Attention and sensitivity to actions/vocalizations; teaches infants that others value their behaviors and communicative attempt
question
Waiting and listening
answer
Parents wait expectantly for imitations, use a slow pace to allow for initiations and listen to the child's complete message
question
Content in Infancy first word by when?
answer
1st word by 12 mos
question
Form in Infancy (morphology & syntax)
answer
non-existent until first words *more receptive NOT expressive --comprehend simple phrases --understanding and following simple demands
question
Form in Infancy (phonology)
answer
Speech and categorical perception, phonological knowledge, vocalizations and babbling
question
Use in Infancy
answer
pre-intentional to intentional (requesting, greeting, attention seeking, protesting/rejecting, responding)
question
Criteria to be true word (3)
answer
-Clear intention and purpose -Recognizable pronunciation (approximates the adult form) -Used consistently and generalized beyond the original context
question
Variation in language development (4)
answer
-Receptive and expressive language development -SES -Temperament -Extremes of the typical range (early talkers/late talkers)
question
At all stages of life, ____ language development outpaces ____ language development
answer
receptive; expressive
question
Expressive language learners
answer
Use language for social exchanges -express their needs and describe their feelings EX: hi, bye
question
Referential language learners
answer
Use language to refer to people and objects; object labeling -- (ball, doggie, juice)-> general nominals
question
Late talkers fewer than ____ words by age ___
answer
children who exhibit delays in their expressive language development (fewer than 50 words by age 2)
question
Early Talkers top ___% for age ___ to ___ mod
answer
children who are in the top 10% for vocabulary production for their age (11 to 21 mos)
question
True/ False: Infants born earlier than 37 weeks are 2x as likely to be late talkers
answer
True
question
EARLY talkers average ___ words at 21 mos as compared to the average ___ words
answer
475; 200
question
Habituation-dishabituation tasks (researchers)
answer
Presenting the same stimulus repeatedly until attention to the stimulus decreases by a predetermined amount.
question
Naturalistic Observation (researchers & clinicians)
answer
systematically observing and analyzing an infants communicative behavior in everyday situations
question
Informal Language Screens
answer
Checklists of common early language milestones that clinicians and parents fill out.
question
Parental Report Measures
answer
parents report directly on their infant's development
question
Age of Infancy
answer
0 to 12 months
question
Perceptual narrowing
answer
losing ability to pick up on all languages- only able to pick up on the one they are exposed to
question
How researchers measure language development in infants
answer
- habituation-dishabituation tasks - speech perception research - naturalistic observation
question
How clinicians measure language development in infancy
answer
- naturalistic observations - direct elicitation manners - parent-report measures
question
Awareness of Actions and Intentions
answer
Focus on another person's intentions ---By 4 mos- can distinguish from purposeful act to unpurposeful act
question
perceptual narrowing & when?
answer
can pick up on differences of ALL native languages (birth - 2 months)
question
inductive reasoning
answer
specific information into broader categories
question
intentional reading
answer
ability to focus on another persons intention
question
daily routine=_______________
answer
learning opportunities
question
True or False: Reduplicated babbling consists of repetitive CV syllables like "da, da, da".
answer
True
question
The following is NOT a milestone during the infancy developmental period a. Speech perception b. Vocalization development c. Saying first word d. Category formation
answer
c. saying first word
question
The simultaneous engagement of two or more people while focusing on an external object refers to a. Joint reference b. Joint attention c. Joint stimulation d. Joint appreciation
answer
b. joint attention
question
True or False: Researchers and clinicians measure language development of infants through naturalistic observations.
answer
True
question
Which of the following are the two cues of speech perception? a. Phonological and phonemic cues b. Speech and categorical cues c. Prosodic and phonetic cues d. Milestone and development cues
answer
c. prosodic & phonetic cues
question
what factors influence infants' individual achievements in language?
answer
receptive & expressive language, SES, quality & quantity of adult talk
