Chapter 42 – Flashcards

The approach of using mutagenesis and genetic selection to produce microbes with new degradative capabilities or the ability to produce compounds with new and unique properties is called ______________ evolution.

The first penicillin-producing fungus that could be grown in stirred fermenters was A. Penicillium notatum B. Aspergillius niger C. Penicillium chrysogenum D. Pisolithus tinctorius

In the process of protoplast fusion, cells are grown in a medium that contains A. DNA ligases B. lysozyme for bacteria C. chitinase for yeast D. RNAses E. either lysozyme or chitinase, depending on the type of cells

The medium used in protoplast fusion experiments is A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic D. none of the choices

A major advantage of protoplast fusion is the fact that A. microbes are rendered harmless by the process B. protoplasts of different microbial species can be fused C. the protoplast condition can easily be maintained indefinitely D. all of the choices

Primary metabolites A. include compounds such as antibiotics and mycotoxins. B. are compounds needed for the synthesis of microbial cells in the primary growth phase. C. include bacteriocins and other similar cytotoxic compounds. D. are compounds that accumulate during the period after primary growth phase and have no direct relationship to the synthesis of cell materials.

To assure maximum production of desired metabolites, it is always necessary to maintain organisms in active logarithmic growth.

Molecules produced by a cell that are not directly related to the synthesis of cell materials and that are usually produced after the growth phase has ended are called ______ ______.

To industrial microbiologist, fermentation means the mass culture of microorganisms.

Stirred _______ can range in size from 3 liters to 100,000 liters or larger, depending on production requirements.

Frequently a critical component in the medium, often the carbon source, is added ______ so that the microorganisms will not have excess substrate available at any give time. A. sporadically B. continuously C. gradually D. none of the choices

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the large scale industrial production of A. vitamin B1 B. antibiotics C. amino acid D. polysaccharides

Penicillin is produced by some A. bacteria B. fungi C. actinomycetes D. protozoan

Production of semisynthetic penicillins involves chemical modification of penicillin product after it has been released from penicillin producing cells.

Although a small fraction of the citric acid used in the food and beverage industry is produced by microbial fermentation, most industrially used citric acid is derived directly from citrus fruit.

Microbially produced glycolipid surfactants are used for A. prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces, decreasing transmission of disease. B. emulsification and increasing detergency, which aids in biodegradability C. solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, which enhances cleanup and recovery of oil from spills. D. both emulsification and increasing detergency and solubilization of hydrophobic compounds. E. both emulsification and increasing detergency and prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces.

Which of the following is a reason why bioconversions are replacing chemical synthesis of certain compounds? A. Bioconversions facilitare the scaling up of reactions B. Enzymes catalysts are not destroyed in the bioconversion process C. Bioconversions yield specific and biologically active stereoisomers D. Enzyme catalyzed reactions in the bioconversion process proceed much more rapidly

Most biopolymers industrially produced by means of microorganisms are A. cell wall constituents B. nucleic acids C. histones D. polysaccharides

Most antibiotics are produced by A. unicellular bacteria B. actinomycetes C. yeasts D. protozoa

The major organism used in the microbial production of citric acid is A. Penicillium notatum B. Rhizopus nigrificans C. Aspergillus niger D. Lactobacillus delbrueckii

An amino acid that is used as a supplement for breads is A. Leucine B. Aspartate C. Proline D. Lysine

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used to produce glutamic acid, and this is most successful when the cell permeability is A. increased B. decreased C. not changed D. isotonic

Phenylacetic acid is added to the penicillin fermentation to allow incorporation of which side chain group? A. acetyl B. benzyl C. methyl D. propyl

The ______ lactose is often used as a substrate for penicillin production. A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. trisaccharide D. more complex molecule

A major organism used in the biocontrol of a variety of types of insects is A. Bacillus subtilis B. Bacillus thuringiensis C. Clostridium botulinum D. Bacillus cereus

A plasmid from the plant pathogenic bacterium ______ ______ is chiefly responsible for the successful genetic engineering of plants.

The TI plasmid has been genetically engineered to improve its utility as a cloning vector by all of the following except A. elements found in other vector, such as selectable markers and multi cloning sites have been added B. genes responsible for resisting infection with B. thuringiensis have been added C. nonessential regions, including tumor-inducing genes, have been deleted D. genes required for the actual infection of the plant cell by the plasmid are retained

Biosensors involve linking which of the following with electronic circuitry? A. microorganisms B. gene chips C. microbially derived enzymes D. both microorganisms and gene chips E. both microorganisms and microbially derived enzymes F. both gene chips and microbial derived enzymes

Diatom shells, when incubated at 900 degrees Celsius in an atmosphere of silicon for several hors, undergo an atom-for-atom substitution of magnesium with silicon without loss of thee-dimensional structure.

______ are formed by certain bacteria that convert iron to magnetite; these structures are interest to _________ because they are despite the fact that they are perfectly formed despite the fact they are only ten of nanometers in diameter.

In many ways, _________ as a biofuel compares very favorably to ethanol and other fuels.