Chapter 4 Mastering Biology – Flashcards

Vitalism gave way to mechanism, the view that _____. physical and chemical laws govern living systems life on Earth began by way of abiotic synthesis of organic compounds there was a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds makes complex molecules possible bond angles are unpredictable

When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced? mostly hydrocarbons simple organic compounds, amino acids, and hydrocarbons only simple inorganic compounds only simple organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide

L-dopa is used to treat _____. Marfan's syndrome muscle sprains Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease laryngitis

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease? It alleviates the symptoms. At first it makes the symptoms worse but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms. It makes the symptoms of Parkinson's disease worse. None. At first it alleviates the symptoms but over the long term it makes the symptoms worse.

Enantiomers are molecules that _____. are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms contain a carboxyl group are mirror images contain an -OH group differ in the arrangement of their molecules about a double bond

Geometric isomers are molecules that _____. differ in their molecular formulas differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond are mirror images are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms are isomers in which one of the molecules contains an amino group and the other contains a phosphate group

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon? CO2 H2CO3 CCl2F2 C3H8 C6H12O6

Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? They differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners. They have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures. They are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are mirror images of each other. They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds.

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? covalent hydrogen ionic ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. They are less dense than water. The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration? the presence or absence of bonds with oxygen atoms the solvent in which the organic molecule is dissolved the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms the polarity of the covalent bonds between carbon and other atoms

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic? carboxyl hydroxyl amino carbonyl hydrocarbon

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound _____. should dissolve in water lacks an asymmetric carbon and is probably a fat or lipid will not form hydrogen bonds with water should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol _____. have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton are cis-trans isomers but have the same molecular formula are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula are enantiomers of the same organic molecule

Which statement about a methyl functional group is correct? A methyl group is polar. A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. A methyl group may be negatively charged.

Which of the functional groups shown above is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged? The carboxyl group is most likely to gain a proton. The hydroxyl group is most likely to gain a proton. The amino group is most likely to gain a proton

What is ATP's importance in the cell? ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes. ATP can add phosphate groups, thereby releasing energy that can be used in cellular processes. ATP contains a long hydrocarbon tail and is important in storing energy. ATP is an important component of cell membranes because it is nonpolar and hydrophobic. ATP stores energy in carbonyl groups. When a carbonyl group is removed, energy is released to be used in cellular processes.

What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another? phosphate amino hydroxyl carboxyl sulfhydryl

Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water? amino group hydroxyl group carboxyl group phosphate group sulfhydryl group

Which action could produce a carbonyl group? the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate

The experiments of Wöhler, Kolbe, Miller, and other chemists invalidated the concept of vitalism by demonstrating that _____. organic molecules could be produced apart from living organisms using inorganic materials one organic substance could be transformed into another organic substance carbon atoms were common in both living organisms and nonliving substances such as rocks and soil complex organic substances are the result of a series of sequential synthetic reactions occurring in both living organisms and nonliving systems tissues extracted from living organisms could still promote organic reactions

Which statement is true of hydroxyl groups? (a) They ionize more often when bound to C=O than when bound to CH2. (b) They are negative ions. (c) All alcohols and sugars have them. Both (a) and (c). Both (a) and (b).

How does a carbonyl group differ from a carboxyl group? A carbonyl group ionizes more readily than a carboxyl group. A carbonyl group contains N; a carboxyl group doesn't. A carbonyl group is polar; a carboxyl group is not polar. A carboxyl group contains oxygen; a carbonyl group doesn't. A carboxyl group contains H; a carbonyl does not.

How does an aldehyde group differ from a ketone group? The ketone is polar; the aldehyde isn't. The aldehyde contains C=O; the ketone doesn't. Aldehydes, but not ketones, have H bound to C=O. The aldehyde is polar; the ketone isn't. The ketone occurs in sugars; the aldehyde doesn't.

Amino groups ... (a) act as bases in water. (b) contain nitrogen atoms. (c) occur in proteins. Just two of the preceding answers are true. (a), (b), and (c).

A phosphate group contains _________ oxygen atoms. 4 1 3 2 3 or 4, depending on ionization.

Which functional group has the most different ionized forms? Carboxyl Hydroxyl Carbonyl Phosphate Sulfhydryl

A functional group on a molecule in solution carries two H atoms at pH 9 and three H atoms at pH 3. The functional group is probably. . . sulfhydryl. carbonyl. phosphate. amino. carboxyl.

Which atom is most likely to have a δ + charge? An O that is involved in a hydrogen bond. The S in a sulfhydryl group. An O in a carboxyl group. The C in a carbonyl group. The N in an amino group.

Non-ionized carboxyl groups cause a molecule to act as an acid because they ... (a) donate H+ ions to water. (b) take H+ from water. (c) raise the pH of water. Both (a) and (c). None of the above.

Which statement about isomers is correct? Enantiomers differ in biological activity. Structural isomers differ in the position of double bonds within the molecule. Cis-trans isomers are mirror image isomers.

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________. increase the acidity of solutions all contain a carbonyl group are hydrophobic are soluble in water share the same functional group: a hydroxyl

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________. are hydrophobic increase the acidity of solutions are soluble in water share the same functional group: a hydroxyl all contain a carbonyl group

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____. isotopes hydrocarbons isomers enantiomers functional groups

A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different cis-trans isomers exist for this molecule? none two four six eight

MAKE CONNECTIONS Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base (see Concept 3.3, p. 53 in your textbook)? carbonyl carboxyl amino phosphate hydroxyl

Which of the following examples best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group? Its compounds may be structural isomers with different properties. It is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward it. Two carboxyl groups can bond covalently to help stabilize protein structure. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. It acts as a base.

A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation? The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans. Isomers involving an asymmetrical carbon are distinguished by the tendency for functional groups to form ionic bonds with the carbon that readily break in solution. The toxic effect of the drug is due to the highly reactive nature of the dissolved functional groups. The asymmetrical carbon causes the solubility of the two drug isomers to vary significantly, thus having different chemical properties and effects on people who take them. The two isomers of the drug contain different functional groups and the isomer with the aberrant functional group is connected to the fatalities. The double bond involving the asymmetrical carbon can generate cis-trans isomers that typically have different chemical properties, thus accounting for the drug's toxic properties.

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____. the presence or absence of functional groups the number of carbon atoms comprising the molecule's skeleton the orientation of the carbon skeleton, as either ringed or linear the presence or absence of double bonds the number of asymmetric carbon atoms present

Which statement helps most to explain why life is based on carbon compounds? C-C bonds are as strong as C-O bonds. C makes strong bonds with O. Each C atom makes three covalent bonds. C is very abundant in non-living nature. All of the above.

Which of the following molecules is a weak base? R—OH R—SH R—COOH R—NH2 None of the listed responses is correct.