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According to Adler, Individual Psychology is a science that attempts to understand

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the experiences and behavior of each person as an organized entity.

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Adler's propositions emphasized that an understanding of human personality would come only if we were aware of

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the goals of the individual.

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Adler claimed that the final goal of all people who were moving toward psychological health was

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to attain perfection or completion.

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Adler believed that it was not the physical defect itself that facilitated or reduced striving but

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the individual's attitude toward it.

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Adler felt that women were placed generally in an inferior position by society and that they often tried to

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overcome feelings of inadequacy by imitating masculine behavior.

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Feelings of inferiority can be

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largely constructive or destructive.

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The fact that goals are necessary to give direction to our behavior, allowing us to advance and develop, and are ideals and are not tangible, refers to

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fictional finalism.

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A striving for a form of community that must be thought of as everlasting, as it could be thought of if mankind has reached the goal of perfection, refers to

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social interest.

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The unique way in which a person pursues his/her goals is called

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style of life.

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The concept that people are, in the final analysis, responsible for their destinies is called

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creative self.

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Adler believed that each child was treated uniquely by his/her parents depending on

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the order of birth.

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The child who would best understand the importance of power and authority would most likely be the

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oldest child.

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The child who would set his/her goals at unrealistically high levels, thereby virtually ensuring failure would be the

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second child.

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The child who tends to be excessively dependent on others for support and protection, yet who wants to excel in everything he/she does, would be the

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youngest child.

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In testing Adler's birth order thesis, Hudson found that

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first-borns were overrepresented among world leaders, whereas middle- and last-borns were underrepresented.

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Rodgers' criticizes Zajonc's model of intellectual development by arguing that

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there are many variables other than birth order that could be used to explain and refute Zajonc's claim that first-borns are more developed intellectually than later-borns.

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Cheating and lying may become ways of

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ensuring the maintenance of the enhancement of one's personal success.

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Adler maintains that the attainment of perfection involves overcoming

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resistances with which the environment confronts the organism.

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In Adler's view, neurotics typically

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have mistaken life styles.

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The position that Adler takes concerning goals is that they are

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determinants of much of our behavior.

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Adler's theory

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has strong heuristic value.

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In Adler's view, people's mental health depends primarily upon

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their efforts to contribute to the betterment of their community.

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In testing a large sample of young men from the Netherlands, Belmont and Marolla found that

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first-borns had higher intellectual achievement tests scores than later-borns.

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In their research on birth order, Wagner and Schubert showed that

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oldest sons were overrepresented among U.S. Presidents.

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According to most research studies, alcoholics tend to be

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youngest children in families.

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In recent birth order research, Melillo found that

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first-borns are overrepresented among women with doctorates.

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For Adler, prime examples of the ruling type were

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juvenile delinquents, suicidal individuals, and drug addicts.

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According to Adler, which one of the following types typically uses charms to persuade others to help them?

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getting type.

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According to Adler, lesbianism was an extreme manifestation of

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the masculine protest.

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According to Adler, the person who desires to maintain the status quo is the

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first-born.

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The concept that an individual's goals direct his or her current behavior is called

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teleology.

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A study of Ivancevich, Matteson, and Gamble on birth order shows that

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first-born black and white college men and women had higher Type A scores than later-borns.

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Individuals who try to accomplish more and more things in less and less time are called

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Type A individuals.

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In contrast to Adler's view, Falbo and Polit's research on birth order shows that

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only-born children are as sociable and as psychologically well-adjusted as children from other types of families.

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In Adler's view. the father in a family

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must treat his wife as an equal.

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In their study of birth order, Falbo and Cooper found that

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mothers of preschool only children spent more time with them than did mothers with other children.

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According to Steelman, the research finding that first borns are more intellectually advanced than later borns may have been produced by the confounding of the

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socioeconomic status of the families.

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In discussing the implications of birth order for personality development, Adler stated that

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it was the unique set of experiences within the family which had important implications for development.

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Adler believed that we are all born with

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the potential for social interest.

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In his earliest writings, Adler claimed that the final goal of our struggle was to be

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aggressive and all-powerful.

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According to Adler, which one of the following types typically tries to reduce feelings of anxiety by acting in anti-social ways?

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ruling type.

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Which one of the following types typically is self-absorbed and engages frequently in daydreaming?

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avoiding type.

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In Adler's view, the person most likely to be politically conservative is the

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first-born.

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In the Zajnoc and Markus theory of intellectual development, children's mental growth is primarily a function of the

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intellectual environment in which they mature.

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The belief that the individual's goals direct his or her behavior is called

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teleology.

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In Adler's view, all individuals' motivations

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cannot occur without the perception of goals.

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The theory of intellectual development created by Zajonc and Markus claims that

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as the number of children in the family increases, their intellectual growth decreases.

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In examining feelings of inferiority in college students, Strano and Petrocelli showed that students with

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normal feelings of inferiority had the highest GPAs.

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In a study on the intellectual development of youngsters, Berglund, Eriksson, and Westerlund found that

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first-born Scandinavian toddlers scored higher on vocabulary comprehension and vocabulary production than later-borns.

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In Adler's theory, the term \"style of life\" was originally called the

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guiding image.

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When threatened, which one of the following types tries to reduce feelings of anxiety by acting in antisocial ways?

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ruling types.

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Probably the chief contribution of Adler's theory is that it is

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high in heuristic value.

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The belief that goals determine behavior is called

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teleology.

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If Billy is crippled permanently in a car accident, Adler would say that it is not the physical defect itself that would facilitate or hinder his movement toward psychological health but

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his attitude toward it.

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In Adler's writings AFTER he severed his personal relationship with Freud, Adler assumed that human beings had strong needs

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to develop their potentials for social interest.

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The youngest child

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is excessively dependent on others for support and protection.

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The person with a strong social interest is very likely to be

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empathic.

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Adler believed that a boy raised in a family of girls is likely to develop

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a masculine or feminine orientation.

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Adler maintained that dreams

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provide us with glimpses into the future.

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Sulloway, in studying birth order, finds that, throughout history

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later-borns are more likely than first-borns to engage in rebellious acts.

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The ruling, getting and avoiding types are examples of ____________________ lifestyles.

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unhealthy

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Adler believed that dreams reflect the individual's unconscious attempt to achieve personal ____________________ in accordance with his or her unique style of life.

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goals

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Dreams provide glimpses of the future, and thus suggest potential ____________________ to the person's problems.

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solutions

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Adler believed that when children became highly anxious and insecure, they develop protective devices -- most often, a strong striving for personal ____________________ .

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superiority

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Through therapy, the patient moves toward a(n) ____________________ of perceptions and begins to behave differently toward others.

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reorganization

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Research indicates that ____________________ are overrepresented among college students, graduate students, and university faculty.

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first-borns

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It is not the defect itself that produces striving in the individual, but rather the person's ____________________ toward the defect that produces the striving.

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attitude

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A constructive lifestyle produces a(n) ____________________ type.

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socially useful

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For Adler, dreams provided a(n) ____________________ of the future.

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glimpse

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The biological potential to cooperate and live in harmony with others in order to establish a productive society is called ____________________.

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social interest

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True or False For Adler, an understanding of human personality was possible only if you could understand the person's goals.

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True

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True or False The striving for personal superiority by people is healthy.

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False

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True or False The development of healthy or unhealthy goals is shaped to a considerable extent by experiences in the first five years of life.

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True

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True or False Adler proposed that there is a creative evolution in all things that aims at the goal of personal superiority.

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False

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True or False The youngest child understands best the importance of power and authority.

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False

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True or False Last-borns are overrepresented among college students, scientists, and eminent people in science and government.

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False

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True or False First-borns have higher Type A personality test scores than later-borns.

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True

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True or False Social interest is most likely to develop in authoritarian families.

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False

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True or False Avoiding types create fantasies in which they are always superior.

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True

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True or False Generally, the concepts in Adler's theory are very well-defined.

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False

Chapter 4 – Adler’s Individual Psychology

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