Chapter 31 Study Module – Flashcards
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____________ shows that the ancestors of animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages 1-1.5 billion years ago.
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Molecular clock analysis.
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Multicellular fungal bodies are composed of ___________.
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filaments called hyphae.
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During sexual reproduction of Neurospora, you observe asci that contain _________ ascospores that resulted from _________.
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eight; meiosis followed by mitosis.
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Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because __________.
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they are important in the initial stages of soil formation.
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A parasitic fungus that attacks rye plants produces a structure called a(n) ________.
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ergot.
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What is the major feature of glomeromycetes?
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Arbuscules.
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Two of the most common mycoses (fungal infections) in humans are __________.
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athletes foot and yeast infections.
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The fungal groups that are paraphyletic—that is, a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants—are the __________.
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chytrids and the zygomycetes.
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Fungi "eat" their food by ___________.
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secreting digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorbing the smaller compounds into their bodies.
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Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down __________.
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lignin.
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Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called __________.
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dikaryotic.
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_________ fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms.
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Both parasitic and mutualistic.
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Based on a genomic analysis of a mycorrhizal fungus and four nonmycorrhizal fungi, researchers were able to identify ___________.
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protein-coding genes, genes for membrane transporters, and genes for small secreted proteins.
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What role do pheromones play in fungal sexual reproduction?
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Fungi use these chemical signals to determine whether a potential sexual partner is of a suitable mating type.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ___________.
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form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the roots.
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The __________ clade includes 160 species, with most producing arbuscular mycorrhizae.
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glomeromycete.
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During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced?
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Karyogamy.
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Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction?
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Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination.
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It has been suggested that the fungal ancestor was a ___________.
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nucleariid.
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Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as __________.
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coenocytic.
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Molecular evidence suggests that fungi __________.
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and animals have a common ancestor.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi __________.
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form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a plant's roots and extracellular spaces of the root cortex.
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The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called __________.
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conidia.
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In coenocytic hyphae, __________.
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nuclei undergo mitosis without cytokinesis.
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Fungi belong to the clade ___________.
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opisthokonts.
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The decline of amphibian populations is most probably due to a(n) ________ parasite.
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chytrid.
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The zygosporangium _________.
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develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months
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Haustoria _________.
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are specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi.
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While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size.
If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of __________.
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dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei.
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Fungal species are classified in a particular phylum based on __________.
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the type of sexual structure they form.
