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Tonkin Gulf Resolution

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Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years.

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Ho Chi Minh Trail

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A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

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Vietcong

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A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government and the United States in the Vietnam War

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Ngo Dinh Diem

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Ngo Dinh Diem -political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup

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Geneva Accords

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Geneva Accords A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

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credibility gap

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Credibility gap is a political term that came into wide use during the 1960s and 1970s. At the time, it was most frequently used to describe public skepticism about the Johnson administration's statements and policies on the Vietnam War."Credibility gap" was coined by J. William Fulbright, a Democrat from Arkansas, when he could not get a straight answer from President Johnson's Administration regarding the war in Vietnam. "Credibility gap" was originally used in association with the Vietnam War in the New York Herald Tribune in March 1965, to describe then-president Lyndon Johnson's handling of the escalation of American involvement in the war. A number of events—particularly the surprise Tet Offensive, and later the 1971 release of the Pentagon Papers—helped to confirm public suspicion that there was a significant "gap" between the administration's declarations of controlled military and political resolution, and the reality. Johnson disclosed only the bare minimum of information.

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search and destroy mission

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a U.S. military raid on south Vietnamese village, intended to root out villagers with ties to the Vietcong but often resulting in the destruction of the village and the displacement of its inhabitants

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Agent Orange

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A chemical weapon that revealed VC and NVA hiding places by destroying forests, brush, and crops. It was later discovered that the chemical had effects on livestock and even humans, like Vietnamese civilians and American troops.

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napalm

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A jellylike substance that once dropped by planes, splattered and burned uncontrollably. This was used to attack the VC and NVA hideouts and reveal their locations.

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Hawk

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Americans who pushed for increased military spending and involvement in the Vietnam War.

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Dove

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Americans who pushed for peace movement in Vietnam and generally oppose the use of force in solving international conflicts.

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Free Speech Movement

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This was a student protest which took place during the academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. Students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom. 1964-1965. It gave students freedom of speech and academic information, also made students able to choose class schedule, major, etc.

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George Wallace

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(DI) The racist Governor of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"). He ran for president in 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order and loses to Nixon.

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Hubert Humphrey

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The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

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Eugene McCarthy

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1968. Democrat. Ran for president in 1968. Ran on an anti-Vietnam War platform. Popular among young people. Lost the nomination to Hubert Humphrey.

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War Powers Act

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Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

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Pentagon Papers

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(1971) Secret U.S. government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times, it revealed instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war.

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Kent State University

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Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

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Vietminh

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An organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French

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tet offensive

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1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

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Richard Nixon

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1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

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Henry Kissinger

answer

-helped end Vietnam War ---withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.

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Vietnamization

answer

initiated by Nixon This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. Successful

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How did the US enlist soldiers for the war? What were their experiences like?

answer

-Draft- men over 18 usually poor and black men fighting -Many soldiers died, wounded and the few that came home suffered from PTSD

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Why did some oppose the Vietnam War? What tactics did antiwar protestors use?

answer

-long duration and little progress - use of the draft and the lottery -young men were dying like flies -tv showed all the dead bodies and the bad war parts -hypocritical -draft led to more blacks and poor's fighting -involvement would make war worse -FIX THINGS AT HOME -Tet - took $$ away from domestic programs

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Why did US forces have difficulty fighting the Vietcong and Vietminh?

answer

-the vietcong and Vietminh soldiers had a huge advantage knowing the land and the jungle -most men fighting did not want to be there `

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what strategies did Nixon attempt to put "law and order" policies in place?

answer

-fbi wired -cia investigated people who objected gov policies -war on drugs

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what were the results and impact that from Nixon's attempt to put "law and order" policies in place?

answer

made nixon look tough inc. prison pop imperial presidency

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Stagflation

answer

The U.S. faced high inflation and high unemployment

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OPEC

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-Organization of petroleum exporting counties -And economic Association of oil producing nations that is able to set oil prices

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Southern strategy

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Nixon's attempt to attract the support of southern conservative Democrats who are unhappy with federal desegregation policies and The liberal Supreme Court

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My Lai massacre

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A village in northern South Vietnam where no more than 200 on I'm civilians including women and men were massacred by US troops in May 1968

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26 amendment

answer

lowered the voting age to 18

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New federalism

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President Nixon's program to turn over part of the federal government's power to state and local governments

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Revenue sharing

answer

The distribution of federal money to state and local governments with few or no restrictions on how it was spent

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Family assistance plane

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A welfare reform proposal approved by the house of representatives but defeated in the Senate

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Realpolitik

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A foreign policy advocated by Henry Kissinger in the Nixon administration, based on a consideration of a nation's power rather than its ideals or moral principles

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Dètente

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The flexible policy, involving a willingness to negotiate and in easing of tensions, that was adopted by President Nixon and his advisor kissing her and their dealings with communist nations

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Salt 1 treaty

answer

A five-year agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union signed in 1972 that illuminated the nations number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles

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Impeachment

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The process of accusing a public officer of wrongdoing

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Watergate

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A scandal arising from the Nixon administration's attempt to cover up its involvement in the 1972 break in at the democratic national committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex

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Saturday night massacre

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A name given to the registration of the united states attorney general and the firing of his deputy in October 1973, after they refused to carry out President Nixon's order to fire the special protector investigating the water gate affair

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Committed to reelect the president

answer

An organization formed to run President Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign which was linked to the break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters that set off the Watergate scandal

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Nixon Tapes

answer

a collection of recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and various White House staffing in February 1971

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Gerald R. Ford

answer

took over after Nixon left

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Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

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Washington post reporters that dug for the truth in Watergate

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Why did Ford pardon Nixon?

answer

-allowed everyone to move passed it -image- What would America look like (cold -war) -get on with other issues

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What are the long-term effects of Watergate?

answer

-disturbance in gov -generald ford took over -media and public spread the news -development of special investigators -the public is more aware of the stuff happening under the radar

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What led to Nixon's resignation?

answer

-Watergate scandal -public hating him -impeachment of legal rights -got out before getting caught

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How did the country become aware of the connections between the break-in and the White House?

answer

-burgers were caught -police and the two reporters (woodword and bornstein) connected the burgles to the scandal to presidential cover up -deep throat provided the evidence that the journalists needed -press connected burgers to the white house -senate investigation -Nixon tapes

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What steps did the White House take to cover-up involvement in the Watergate break-in?

answer

-shredded all incoming documents that were send to adelmans office -asked CIA and FBI to stop investigating for national security -erased some tapes with information about the scandal

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What led to the development of Watergate?

answer

Nixon was afraid of not getting reelected bugged phones to figure whats up paranoia used FBI to investigate civil right leaders (MLK)

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What were the effects of Nixon's visits to China?

answer

opened up diplomatic and economic relations

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What were the effects of Nixon's vistis to the Soviet Union

answer

strategic arms stimulation talks 5 year agreement--- SALT I

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Why did the US support the French in its war to maintain control over Vietnam and remain involved after French defeat?

answer

US allies with France Domino Theory: the idea if one nation falls to communism, other nearby nations will fall under communist control too. US cant contain communism Johnson didn't want to look like an appeaser

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Why did the US support South Vietnam in cancelling the 1956 nation-wide elections?

answer

concern communists would win election in Vietnam Diem known for corruption and people were against him concerned vote be against Diem and it would let communist win

question

How did the Kennedy administration's stance on Diem change over time?

answer

Kennedy Administration supported Diem then the support ends because the administration thinks be has to go due to his corrupt leadership and not serving everyone in the country. Ex) Buddhists no representation in government. would not be able to make a democracy because he acted as a dictator.

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What were the causes of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

answer

Johnson launch bombing strikes on North Vietnam. Johnson quickly ask congress to continue military activity the permission with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution Johnson has more power and the start of Vietnamese escalation

question

What strategies did US forces use in attempt to defeat the communists in Vietnam?

answer

Strategies: war of attrition killing as many of the enemy as possible in order to ruin Vietnamese morale.

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Why did US forces have difficulty fighting the Vietcong and the Vietminh?

answer

Guerrilla warfare US using Napalm and agent orange to burn down the landscape to make it hard for Vietnamese to hide. This allows search and destroy missions (go to village to village to find Vietcong and then burn down Vietnamese livestock and homes)

question

What connections existed between the anti war movement and the other social movements of the era?

answer

Mistrust in the US government huge involvement of college students (Kent University) on campus People see on TV and other mass media Civil disobedience in form of protesting was used sit-ins on campus

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What effects did the anti-war movement have on the war?

answer

Anti-war effects: low troop morale (questioning why fighting the war) Fragging: soldier shoot superior officer

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What effects did the anti-war movement have on the American society?

answer

American Society: becomes increasingly anti-war Kent University part of antiwar movement people see people killed horrified the US and made them question the war.

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How did Nixon attempt to end the war?

answer

secret bombings of Columbia and Laos to erase Ho Chi Minh trail he sent Harry Kissinger to negotiate a peace settlement finally realizes that the war is going no where (stalemate)

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What is the legacy of the Vietnam war?

answer

-58,000 Americans killed many soldiers return with PTSD and drug addiction; draft abolished -Shortened tours of duty when war not announced yet -Americans distrust government because govt. secrets racism play role on battle field Ex) low class blacks places as ground troops in the most dangerous position -Troops come home and didn't get support they needed War Powers Act: President must inform Congress 48 hours of notice to send troops in hostile area without declaration of war. Troops can only spend 90 days in area unless congress approves or war is declared

question

What were the goals of Nixon's new federalism?

answer

New Federalism = to distribute some federal power to state and local governments State and local fiscal assistance act of 1972 impoundment revenue sharing allowed local and state government to use federal funds freely

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What were the effects of Nixon's new federalism?

answer

helped some federal programs increase social security; Job Corps plan eliminated; vetoed housing and urban development Bill; Impounded $15 billion abolished office of economic opportunity

question

In what ways did Nixon both strengthen federal programs?

answer

Strengthen: Social security, Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps

question

In what ways did Nixon both weaken federal programs?

answer

Weakness: Health, housing, and education programs and anti poverty programs slowed down integration ex) busing order school desegregation plans to be delayed Nixon was a huge racist

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What was Nixon's stance on civil rights? How did this affect integration efforts?

answer

He was not good on civil rights He slowed school integration efforts try to stop school busing added justices to Supreme Court who were more conservative hoping they would rule favpr of Nixon's policies

question

What factors created a weakened economy during Nixon's presidency?

answer

Stagflation: increase inflation and increase unemployment Price increases and peoples wages go down no work = no consumers to buy things oil Cartel (went by OPEC) in 1973 Israel have war against its neighbors and oil not supplied to US When oil sold to US again the price quadrupled

question

How did he attempt to improve the economy?

answer

tried to raise taxes and cut US budget; raised interest rates; froze wages and business prices for 90 days Results of economy: Congress opposition high interest rates = mild recession

question

Operation Rolling Thunder

answer

Johnson launch first bombing on North Vietnam when Vietcong attacked and killed Americans

question

Election of 1968

answer

McCarthy v Humphrey tough for McCarthy to beat Humphrey protestor and violence over adopting an antiwar stance Americans don't want Humphrey to win

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Cambodia

answer

Nixon invade Cambodia to eliminate Vietcong and Noth Vietnamese supply centers college students protest

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1973 Paris Peace Accords

answer

intended to establish peace in Vietnam and an end to the Vietnam War. It ended direct U.S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam.

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Yom Kippur War

answer

attack of Israel by Egypt and Syria US sent military aid Arabs cut off oil supply to US Got oil back but quadrupled

question

Imperial Presidency

answer

A book that a historian called the executive branch an air of imperial supreme authority

question

How did Realpolitik and detente shape Nixon's foreign policy?

answer

foreign policy based off power not ideals or moral principles Kinssinger beilve in evaluating nations power instead of philosophy or beliefs ignore countries that are weak

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