Chapter 3 – Flashcard Test Answers
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The place at ground level that is directly above the focus of an earthquake is known as_______
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epicenter
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Any trembling or shaking of the earth's crust is defined as a _________
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earthquake
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The strength of an earthquake is called its______
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magnitude
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What occurs natural acids slowly eat into a rock breaking it apart?
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chemical weathering
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The temperature of rocks ___________with depth
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increases
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What is created when trapped gases blast through the earth's surface?
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vent
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A _______ allows molten rock and hot gases to escape from within the earth.
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volcano
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scientists who study the structure of the earth
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geologists
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the process by which new soil is formed as rocks crumble and break into smaller pieces
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weathering
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boundary between the earth's crust and its mantle
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Moho
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underwater mountain ranges
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mid-oceanic ridges
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study of earthquakes
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seismology
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volcano that has been active at some time in recorded history but has not erupted recently
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dormant
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volcano that produces lava fountains or fire curtains
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Hawaiian
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volcano characterized by hot clouds of gas and dust that it expels
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Plinian
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volcano that has erupted recently
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active
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volcano that has not erupted in recorded history
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extinct
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magma that has reached the earth's surface
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lava
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Running along the edge of the Pacific Ocean the _____is named for its many volcanoes.
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Ring of Fire
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A depression found at the top of a volcano
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crater
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Holes or cracks which serve as escape vents for underground gases
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fumaroles
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smaller fragments of molten rock that solidify almost instantly
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tephra
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Volcano that is formed from large amounts of very fluid lava that built up gradually, The Hawaiian Islands were formed by this type of volcano
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Shield
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Volcano formed by eruptions of mostly tephra and very little lava, Paricutin is an example
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cinder cone
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Volcano formed by alternating layers of tephra and lava, Mt. St. Helens is an example
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composite
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Outermost layer of the earth, it is thin compared to the other layers
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crust
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Middle layer of the earth, makes up the largest portion of the earth's interior, made of solid rock
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mantle
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innermost region of the earth, divided into 2 sections, the (liquid) outer ____ and (solid)inner ____, which are made up of metals rather than rock
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core
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The hardest known mineral found in "pipes"
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diamond
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Small deposits of igneous and metamorphic crystals
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gemstones
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Any hollow space in the earth's crust that has formed naturally and is large enough for a person to enter
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cave
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Any rock containing a metal together with impurities
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ore
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The rarest most durable and beautiful gems
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precious stones
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The most commonly used practical metal; used thousands of years to make tools
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iron
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A metal that is a good conductor of electricity; 2 of its alloys are brass and bronze
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copper
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Any trace of a plant or animal left in a rock
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fossil
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The area surrounding a magnet in which the force of the magnet affects other objects
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magnetic field
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The ends of a magnet
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poles
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The magnetic field produced by the earth
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magnetosphere
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The hardest material that composes the earth's crust
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rock
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When molten rock solidifies, it forms
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igneous rock
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Rock that has been changed by extreme heat or pressure into a new rock is
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metamorphic rock
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Over 75% of the earth's surface is covered with
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sedimentary rock
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What type of igneous rock is formed at the earth's surface, cools rapidly, and has a fine-grained appearance?
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extrusive
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What type of igneous rock remains in a pocket below the surface, cools slowly, and has a course-grained appearance?
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intrusive
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Most common igneous rock/ can be found everywhere
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granite
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Sedimentary rock formed by chemical sediments and is used for salting roads and flavoring foods
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halite
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Sedimentary rock used to make glass
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sandstone
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Only sedimentary rock formed by living animals
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reef limestone
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Metamorphic rock that began as shale, is very hard, and has leaflike layers
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slate
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Metamorphic rock that is probably one of the most beautiful and most widely used and began as limestone
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marble
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What type of metamorphic rock is made up of layers like leaves of a book
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foliated
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Hard, shiny, black coal; expensive to mine
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anthracite
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Most common type of coal, "soft coal"
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bituminous
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Poorest quality of coal, "brown coal"
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sub-bituminous
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Designed to live in a cave or above a cave
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troglophile
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The study of caves
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speleology
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Cave formed by the dissolving of underground rocks by water
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solution cave
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Caves usually form in _______
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limestone
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___________visits a cave regularly but must return to the surface for food
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trogloxene
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Poorest quality coal
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lignite
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Petroleum in its natural form
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crude oil
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