Chapter 3 – Flashcard Test Answers
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Reasons invasive species are more successful
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1) better competitors for resources 2) faster growth rates 3) greater seed dispersal abilities 4) better colonizers of disturbed ground 5)reproduce quicker and produce more seeds 6)greater tolerance to environmental extremes 7) lower rate of disease
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Earthquakes sometimes cause monstrous waves called______
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tsunamis
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A break that appears at the boundary between two moving masses of rock known as a ________
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fault
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The point underground where an earthquake begins is called the _______
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focus
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The place at ground level that is directly above the focus of an earthquake is known as_______
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epicenter
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Any trembling or shaking of the earth's crust is defined as a _________
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earthquake
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The strength of an earthquake is called its______
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magnitude
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What occurs natural acids slowly eat into a rock breaking it apart?
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chemical weathering
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The temperature of rocks ___________with depth
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increases
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What is created when trapped gases blast through the earth's surface?
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vent
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A _______ allows molten rock and hot gases to escape from within the earth.
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volcano
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scientists who study the structure of the earth
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geologists
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the process by which new soil is formed as rocks crumble and break into smaller pieces
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weathering
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boundary between the earth's crust and its mantle
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Moho
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underwater mountain ranges
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mid-oceanic ridges
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study of earthquakes
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seismology
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volcano that has been active at some time in recorded history but has not erupted recently
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dormant
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volcano that produces lava fountains or fire curtains
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Hawaiian
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volcano characterized by hot clouds of gas and dust that it expels
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Plinian
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volcano that has erupted recently
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active
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volcano that has not erupted in recorded history
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extinct
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magma that has reached the earth's surface
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lava
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Running along the edge of the Pacific Ocean the _____is named for its many volcanoes.
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Ring of Fire
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A depression found at the top of a volcano
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crater
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Holes or cracks which serve as escape vents for underground gases
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fumaroles
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smaller fragments of molten rock that solidify almost instantly
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tephra
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Volcano that is formed from large amounts of very fluid lava that built up gradually, The Hawaiian Islands were formed by this type of volcano
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Shield
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Volcano formed by eruptions of mostly tephra and very little lava, Paricutin is an example
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cinder cone
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Volcano formed by alternating layers of tephra and lava, Mt. St. Helens is an example
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composite
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Outermost layer of the earth, it is thin compared to the other layers
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crust
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Middle layer of the earth, makes up the largest portion of the earth's interior, made of solid rock
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mantle
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innermost region of the earth, divided into 2 sections, the (liquid) outer ____ and (solid)inner ____, which are made up of metals rather than rock
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core
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The hardest known mineral found in "pipes"
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diamond
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Small deposits of igneous and metamorphic crystals
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gemstones
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Any hollow space in the earth's crust that has formed naturally and is large enough for a person to enter
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cave
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Any rock containing a metal together with impurities
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ore
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The rarest most durable and beautiful gems
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precious stones
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The most commonly used practical metal; used thousands of years to make tools
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iron
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A metal that is a good conductor of electricity; 2 of its alloys are brass and bronze
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copper
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Any trace of a plant or animal left in a rock
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fossil
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The area surrounding a magnet in which the force of the magnet affects other objects
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magnetic field
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The ends of a magnet
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poles
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The magnetic field produced by the earth
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magnetosphere
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The hardest material that composes the earth's crust
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rock
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When molten rock solidifies, it forms
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igneous rock
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Rock that has been changed by extreme heat or pressure into a new rock is
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metamorphic rock
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Over 75% of the earth's surface is covered with
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sedimentary rock
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What type of igneous rock is formed at the earth's surface, cools rapidly, and has a fine-grained appearance?
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extrusive
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What type of igneous rock remains in a pocket below the surface, cools slowly, and has a course-grained appearance?
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intrusive
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Most common igneous rock/ can be found everywhere
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granite
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Sedimentary rock formed by chemical sediments and is used for salting roads and flavoring foods
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halite
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Sedimentary rock used to make glass
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sandstone
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Only sedimentary rock formed by living animals
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reef limestone
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Metamorphic rock that began as shale, is very hard, and has leaflike layers
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slate
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Metamorphic rock that is probably one of the most beautiful and most widely used and began as limestone
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marble
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What type of metamorphic rock is made up of layers like leaves of a book
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foliated
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Hard, shiny, black coal; expensive to mine
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anthracite
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Most common type of coal, "soft coal"
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bituminous
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Poorest quality of coal, "brown coal"
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sub-bituminous
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Designed to live in a cave or above a cave
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troglophile
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The study of caves
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speleology
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Cave formed by the dissolving of underground rocks by water
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solution cave
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Caves usually form in _______
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limestone
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___________visits a cave regularly but must return to the surface for food
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trogloxene
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Poorest quality coal
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lignite
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Petroleum in its natural form
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crude oil
