Chapter 27 Reproductive System – Flashcards
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Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
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LH
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Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high?
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Inhibin
(sustenocytes respond to elevated sperm counts by releasing inhibin, a hormone that suppresses release of FSH)
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Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?
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Labia majora
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When does ovulation occur in the uterine cycle?
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At the end of the Proliferative phase
(a surge in lh triggers ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle around day 14)
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Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) AFTER Ovulation?
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It maintains the corpus luteum
(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
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At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormones at their lowest?
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At the beginning of the menstrual phase
(the ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation)
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What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production?
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Estrogen may have either inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels
(estrogen exerts neg. feedback on LH production until estrogen levels reach a certain concentration, and then estrogen exerts positive feedback on LH production which promotes ovulation)
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Which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production?
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Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP
(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
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In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?
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Interstital endocrine cells: androgen secretions
(in males, LH targets interstitial endocrine cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial endocrine cells, the levels of androgens such as testosterone increase)
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Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion?
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Urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine
(the bulbourethral gland produces a clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine)
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In females, orgasm is required for fertilization
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False
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Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?
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Bulbo-urethral gland
(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
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Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?
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Epididymis: produce sperm
(epididymis is where sperm is Stored and becomes Mature)
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Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
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GnRH
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Which layer of the uterus is made of Smooth Muscle
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Myometrium
( as the prefix myo implies, the myometrium is thick, smooth muscle lining of the uterine wall. it has an enormous ability to stretch, and its contraction lead to delivery)
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Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle
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High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release
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During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, _____
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The endometrium prepares for implantation
(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
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Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
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Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
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What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?
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Uterine (fallopian) tube
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A boy who has NOT passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is No longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would____
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Be sterile
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The _____ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the _____
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Stratum functionalis; stratum basalis
(the stratum functionalis is shed as the spiral arteries retract into the stratum basalis. Stratum basalis then regenerates the functional layer back onto the basal layer)
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Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine?
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Urethra
(the urethra carries both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis)
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Select the correct statement about testosterone control
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GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
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The release of ______ encourages sustenocytes to release________
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
(FSH) does stimulate release of androgen binding protien, by stimulating sustenocytes
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Which of the choices below is NOT a part of the hyphothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis?
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Thalamus
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Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle
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If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
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Which structure(s) of the female's external genitatlia has/have erectile tissue?
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Clitoris
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Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina?
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Serves as passageway for primary oocyte
(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
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Normally menstruation occurs when_______
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Blood levels of estrogen and Progesterone Decrease
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Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?
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Prepuce (foreskin)
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The oral contraceptive pill, informally called the "pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because
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The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation
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What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress and then degenerates just before menses?
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Corpus luteum
(corpus luteum forms at the beginning of the secretory phase and produces hormones that support the uterus. When it degenerates about 12 days later, the uterus enters menses)
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During what phase of the female's UTERINE cycle is the Uterine Lining Shed?
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Menstrual phase
(the functional layer of the endometrium is shed during days 1-5 of the Uterine cycle, a process called menses or Menstruation)
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Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is NOT true?
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Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin
(fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes, monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones, and ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses)
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All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT_______
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FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
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Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?
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The endometrium enters it secretory phase
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Which of these structures directly encloses the vestibule?
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Labia minora
(labia minora are thin cutaneous folds that enclose the vestibule, which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina)
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A 38 year old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a practitioner who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. Practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. The patient experiences a huge surge in libido. Would this treatment result in a higher or lower sperm count, and why?
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Lower sperm count.
High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting FSH release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis
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A surge in _______ directly triggers ovulation
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(when estrogen reaches a certain level in the body, it triggers a positive feedback loop that triggers an LH surge. This triggers ovulation)
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What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?
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OVULATION
(ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary occurs at around day 14 of the cycle, just as the uterine proliferative phase ends and the secretory phase begins)
