Chapter 25 and 26 – Flashcards

The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urine is 95% water by volume.

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

Urine is formed in the

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. Selected Answer: nephron

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. Selected Answer: glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct Selected Answer: 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

The kidneys are located Selected Answer: WRONG None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following sits atop the kidneys? Selected Answer: suprarenal glands

Kidneys are often difficult to see without dissection because they are surrounded by a layer of fat. What is the significance of this fat? Selected Answer: It provides cushioning or padding for protection from sudden jolts or other injuries.

The large passageways into which the minor calyces empty are the WRONG Selected Answer: renal pelvis

The blood vessels at the boundary of the cortex and medulla of the kidney are the Selected Answer: segmental artery and vein. WRONG

Blood exits the nephron via Selected Answer: afferent arteriole. WRONG

Each kidney ultimately receives blood from Selected Answer: renal arteries.

A nephron has two parts: Selected Answer: glomerulus and collecting duct.

The last part of the renal tubule is the Selected Answer: nephron loop. WRONG

The distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is responsible for Selected Answer: All of the answers are correct.

The main homeostatic function that occurs as a result of the work of the nephron loop is Selected Answer: active and passive reabsorption. WRONG

The glomerulus is made up of many Selected Answer: fenestrated capillaries.

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries are connected to a long, slender series of capillaries that accompany the nephron loops into the medulla. These are (the) Selected Answer: vasa recta.

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the Selected Answer: renal corpuscle.

The nephron loop is composed of (the) Selected Answer: All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a function of the glomerular capsule? Selected Answer: All of the answers are correct. WRONG

The secondary function of the DCT to reabsorb sodium is controlled by the hormone(s) Selected Answer: aldosterone and ADH. WRONG

In the nephron loop Selected Answer: All of the answers are correct.

After draining through the collecting system, tubular fluid enters (the) Selected Answer: renal pelvis. WRONG

Urine reaches the urinary bladder by Selected Answer: differential pressure exerted on the ureters by the movements of the digestive organs. WRONG

The muscle responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding is the Selected Answer: internal urethral sphincter. WRONG

Urine is carried to the exterior of the body by the Selected Answer: urethra.

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? Selected Answer: They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? Selected Answer: Net filtration would decrease.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? Selected Answer: The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time.

Urine passes through the ________. Selected Answer: pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? Selected Answer: the stretching of the bladder wall

The macula densa cells respond to ________. Selected Answer: changes in solute content of the filtrate

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. Selected Answer: osmosis

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Selected Answer: creatinine

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. Selected Answer: plasma protein

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. Selected Answer: increase in the production of ADH

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? Selected Answer: a vasa recta

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. Selected Answer: by a decrease in the blood pressure

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. Selected Answer: contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Select the correct statement about the ureters. Selected Answer: The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? Selected Answer: eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. Selected Answer: Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Which gland sits atop each kidney? Selected Answer: adrenal

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. Selected Answer: transitional

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. Selected Answer: constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. Selected Answer: 1.001-1.035

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. Selected Answer: diabetes insipidus

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. Selected Answer: inhibits the release of ADH

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. Selected Answer: loop of Henle

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? Selected Answer: form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. Selected Answer: secondary active transport

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? Selected Answer: Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. Selected Answer: appear in the urine

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? Selected Answer: Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. Selected Answer: impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? Selected Answer: by secreting sodium ions

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Selected Answer: help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? Selected Answer: macula densa

Which statement is correct? Selected Answer: Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? Selected Answer: electrolyte levels

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? Selected Answer: ADH

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? Selected Answer: angiotensin II and aldosterone

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? Selected Answer: macula densa cells

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. Selected Answer: glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body. Selected Answer: True

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium. Selected Answer: False

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients. Selected Answer: False

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus. Selected Answer: True

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. Selected Answer: True

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion. Selected Answer: True

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions. Selected Answer: False

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume. Selected Answer: True

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. Selected Answer: True

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube. Selected Answer: True

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany. Selected Answer: False

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin. Selected Answer: False

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. Selected Answer: True

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low. Selected Answer: False

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate. Selected Answer: True

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system. Selected Answer: True

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. Selected Answer: True

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma. Selected Answer: True

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. Selected Answer: TRUE

Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances. Selected Answer: False

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis. Selected Answer: True

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS. Selected Answer: True

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system. Selected Answer: True

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient. Selected Answer: True

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema. Selected Answer: False

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine. Selected Answer: True

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output. Selected Answer: True

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration. Selected Answer: True

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. Selected Answer: a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. Selected Answer: tissue edema

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. Selected Answer: reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? Selected Answer: aldosterone

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. Selected Answer: a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? Selected Answer: anabolism of proteins

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? Selected Answer: the lungs and the kidneys

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. Selected Answer: potassium

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? Selected Answer: K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? Selected Answer: aldosterone

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. Selected Answer: respiratory acidosis

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. Selected Answer: bicarbonate

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. Selected Answer: is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? Selected Answer: atrial natriuretic peptide

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? Selected Answer: diet

Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. Selected Answer: glucose

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? Selected Answer: Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? Selected Answer: antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? Selected Answer: nucleic acid

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? Selected Answer: metabolic acidosis

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? Selected Answer: metabolic alkalosis

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. Selected Answer: a rise in plasma osmolality

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? Selected Answer: amount of body fat

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. Selected Answer: hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? Selected Answer: sodium ions