Chapter 23. The Urinary system – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain
answer
Glucose
question
Which organ system does not excrete waste?
answer
The Cardiovascular system
question
Excretion systems
answer
*Respiratory system: CO2, small amounts of other gases, & water. *Integumentary system: Water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat. *Digestive system: Water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, & other metabolic waste. *Urinary system: Many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+ & water.
question
Kidneys functions
answer
Filter blood plasma, excrete toxic wastes. Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity. Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance. Secrete erythropoietin production of RBCs. Help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis. Clear hormones from blood. Detoxify free radicals. In starvation, they synthesize glucose from amino
acids.
question
Urinary system organs
answer
Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder and urethra
question
Nitrogenous wastes and sources
answer
*NH2 from protein forms ammonia which liver converts to urea. *Uric acid & creatinine
produced by catabolism of nucleic acids & creatine phosphate.
question
Location and appearance of kidney
answer
Against posterior abdominal wall. Right kidney slightly lower than Left because of right lobe Liver.
question
External features
answer
Medial surface has a slit, the hilium, that admits renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and ureter.
question
Internal features
answer
Renal fascia: fibrous tissue that binds the kidney to abdominal wall. Perirenal fat capsule: layer of adipose tissue that hold kidney in place. Fibrous capsule: encloses the kidney to protect it from trauma and infection.
question
Flow of blood through kidneys
answer
Afferent arterioles-->Glomerular capillaries--->Efferent arterioles---> Peritubular capillaries and/or vasa recta.
question
Flow of fluid through renal tubules
answer
glomerular capsule - PCT - nephron loop - DCT - collecting duct - papillary duct - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra.
question
Nerve supply
answer
Cortical radiate vein and arcuate vein
question
Cellular structure of glomerulus
answer
Ball of capillaries enclosed in a sphere called glomerular capsule. Blood leaves it by way of efferent arteriole.
question
Forces in filtration
answer
Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP), Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) & Capsular pressure (CP).
question
Nephron loop in filtration
answer
reabsorbs 25% of Na+, K+ and Cl− in filtrate. NaCl remains in the tissue fluid of renal medulla. Water cannot follow since thick segment is impermeable.
question
PCT
answer
reabsorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate, removes
some substances from blood, and secretes them into
tubular fluid for disposal in urine.
question
Tubular reabsorption(from tubular fluid to blood)
answer
*Nephron reabsorbs about half of urea in tubular fluid. *PCT reabsorbs uric acid. *Creatinine is not reabsorbed, passed in urine.
question
Tubular secretion(from blood into tubular fluid)
answer
By PCT and nephron. *hydrogen and bicarbonate
ions helps regulate pH of body fluids. *Urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, and a little creatinine. *drugs and contaminants. Examples include: morphine, penicillin, and aspirin.
question
Nephron regulates water excretion
answer
Generation of salinity gradient allows CD to concentrate urine, also helped by electrolyte reabsorption.
question
Maintenance of osmotic gradient in renal medulla
answer
By the countercurrent multiplier. Recaptures NaCI and returns it to renal medulla.
question
Functional anatomy of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
answer
Ureter transport urine to bladder, the bladder stores the urine until full, the urethra is the exit by which urine leaves the body.
question
Properties and composition of urine
answer
Yellow color due to urochrome pigment from breakdown of Hb. Odor, bacteria degrade urea to ammonia. 95% water, 5% solutes.
question
Abnormal solutes in urine
answer
glucose, free hemoglobin, albumin, ketones, bile
pigments
question
Normal solutes in urine
answer
urea, NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid, phosphates,
sulfates, traces of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes
bicarbonate, urochrome, and a trace of bilirubin
question
Variations in urine
answer
Pyuria: pus in the urine. Hematuria: blood in urine due to urinary tract infection, trauma, or kidney stones
question
Blood plasma is filtered in the
answer
renal corpuscle
question
The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder.
answer
Destrusor
question
To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is
answer
2.0 L
question
The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate.
answer
True
question
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
answer
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
question
The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes.
answer
True
question
Aldosterone acts on the
answer
distal convoluted tubule
question
In life threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by _
answer
deaminating amino acids
question
In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus.
answer
Protein
question
Micturition is another term for __________.
answer
The elimination of urine
question
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.
answer
Angiotensin II
question
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________.
answer
body's water volume is high
question
Hypocalcemia stimulates
answer
Secretion of parathyroid hormone
question
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________.
answer
tubular fluid
question
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________.
answer
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
question
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________
answer
Glomerulus
question
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
answer
Hydrogen ions
question
Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?
answer
Juxtamedullary nephrons
question
The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system.
answer
liver
question
The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.
answer
the myogenic mechanism
question
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the _________, to form angiotensin I.
answer
Liver
question
Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the PCT as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol.
answer
True
question
Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct.
answer
False
question
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
answer
Decreased urine volume
question
The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney.
answer
1.2 million
question
Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?
answer
Podocytes
question
A byproduct of protein catabolism, __________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.
answer
Urea
question
The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________.
answer
Urochrome
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
answer
They release waste into the bloodstream
question
Which of the following does NOT contribute to water conservation?
answer
Diuretics
