Chapter 20 IDs lg – Flashcards

A goverenment group who regulated businesses that crossed state borders. At first it was weak, but then congress started making laws that made it stronger. This group helped stop monopolies., a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states, created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland;regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers., Prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. Also forbade the unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line.

a system that Andrew Jackson set up not long after his election into the presidency in 1828; it had already developed a strong hold in the industrial states such as New York and Pennsylvania; it gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign; the name came from Senator Marcy's remark in 1832, "to the victor belongs the spoils of the enemy; made politics a full time business., A system used by winners in political races in which the winners put the people who supported them into government jobs. Importance-- Brought about more democracy because more people had a chance to be involved.

Ran by ich men who held political office and controlled sectors, called "Bosses". They gave money to build infrastructure in their sectors and assisted those who needed financial help. They were the most significant anthropologists, and everyone knew who they were. In exchange for the benefits they gave, they expected votes to keep their political office. Made election process extremely corrupt., An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Immigrants supported this because: A. They could speak in their own language and understood challenges of newcomers. B. They helped with housing and jobs (naturalization)

Powerful Politicians that gained power in many cities. They also ruled county and state governments. Bosses controlled work done locally and demanded pay offs from businesses. City Bosses were popular with the poor, especially new immigrants. They provided jobs and made loans to the needy. They handed out extra coal in the winter, and turkeys at Thanksgiving. In exchange, the poor voted for the boss, and his chosen candidate. A notable example of this would be Boss William Tweed.

(& Tammany Hall), Known as "Boss" Tweed, was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel. Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852, and the New York City Board of Advisors in 1856. In 1858, Tweed became the "Grand Sachem" of Tammany Hall. He was elected to the New York State Senate in 1867. Tweed was convicted for stealing between $40 million and $200 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail.

The Saint Simonians also supported this. Investment banking raised funds by selling shares to public and then invested it in the new industrial enterprises. Also, the CREDIT FONCIER or Land Bank, developed to lend funds to landowners for improvement of agriculture. This contributed to an effect in Western World, along with the California & Australian Gold Discovery and improved credit facilities elsewhere - an increase of the money supply which led to inflationary spiral --> The number of companies increased as did investment capital, railways, steamboats etc.

In 1875 Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers. The Whiskey Ring had robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. The scandal reached as high as the personal secretary to President Grant.

"Established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called ""spoils system."" Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau (a ""disappointed office seeker""). The Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883.", Passed by Congress in 1883, establishing the Civil Service Commission and required that some federal jobs be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage(being appointed). It marked the end of the spoils system (rewarding government jobs to voters for working towards victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party) and the beginning of the merit system (promoting or hiring government employees based on their abilities to do a job)

movement formed by Russian students ordered home from studying in Switzerland, traveling around Russian village to educate newly liberated Russian peasants. Other educated Russians (called Will of the People) decided to assassinate Alexander II. Reforms had increased expectations for political transformation that failed to happen. Eventually succeeded in assassinating Alexander II in St Petersburg 1881.

Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century., the patrons of Husbandry, known as the Grange, was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. the Grange offered farmers education and fellowship, providing a forum for homesteaders to share advice and emotional support at biweekly social functions. the Grange also represented farmers' needs in dealings with big business and the federal government.

During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws., Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional, A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

Farmers' Alliance was an umbrella term for several grassroots farmers organizations active between 1877 and 1892, most prominently in the South and the Plains states. These groups sought to ameliorate debt, poverty, and low crop prices by educating and mobilizing rural men and women, engaging in cooperative economic organizing, and asserting their power in electoral politics.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops., It was the first nationwide strike that began in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Also the strike lasted a week and over 100 people were killed. President Hayes deployed the US Army to disband the strike, which set a precedent and created the National Guard., 1877 began on July 17, 1877, in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Workers for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike, because the company had reduced workers' wages twice over the previous year. The strikers refused to let the trains run until the most recent pay cut was returned to the employees. West Virginia's governor quickly called out the state's militia. Militia members, for the most part, sympathized with the workers and refused to intervene, prompting the governor to request federal government assistance. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to several locations to reopen the railroads. In the meantime, the strike had spread to several other states, including Maryland, where violence erupted in Baltimore between the strikers and that state's militia. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and St. Louis, Missouri, strikers temporarily gained control of the cities until federal soldiers reestablished order. In Chicago, Illinois, more than twenty thousand people rallied in support of the strikers. By the end of August 1877, the strike had ended primarily due to federal government intervention, the use of state militias, and the employment of strikebreakers by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. The Great Railroad Strike was typical of most strikes during this era. The availability of laborers and government support for businesses limited workers' ability to gain concessions from their employers.

became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy., A young lecturer and educator who joined in the temperance movement and became famous for building the Women's Christian Temperance Union. She later became president of the union. Known for stressing religion and morality in her work., This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her exumenical "do everything" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more readical causes like woman suffrage, whil allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work

· This was founded in 1874 and headed by Frances Willard. Willard fused the cult of domesticity (the woman's sphere is the home where she can express her special maternal gifts) with a commitment to political action. Drinking, she felt, threatened thrift and family life. The entrance of women into politics would protect the family and improve public morality. · Carry Nation, wife of an alcoholic, made her mark in the temperance battle by smashing saloons and bars with a hatchet. (Yes, I know the text spells her name Carrie, but in her autobiography, she uses Carry.)

Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to secure the vote for women., led initially by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony, later by CC Catt, who used friendship with president wilson to get him to use agenda setting and bully pulpit to gear toward women's suffrage. wanted to work within the system to gain suffrage. joined "mink brigade" with picketing working class women to leverage the poor working conditions of the industrial revolution toward suffrage. later used the idea that women are so virtuous that they should be allowed to make the decisions., founded in 1869, and fought for women to be able to vote, pushed suffrage at a state level, trying to gain support from each state so they can all come together and force the federal government to pass the amendment that allowed women to vote.

caused by excessive building and overspeculation as well as a continued agricultural depression along with the free coining of silver and the collecting of debts by European banking houses, this was the worst economic downturn of the nineteenth century, failure of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad sparked chain reaction. RR construction stopped therefore demand for steel dropped and banks failed. Lingered 4 years, by 1894 nearly 3 million workers idle, lasted 4 years. due to over building and speculation, labor disoders, and ongoing agricultural depression. also, free silver agitation damaged American credit abroad. 8,000 businesses collapsed in 6 months, This was a panic marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble, was a run on the gold supply (relative to silver), because of the long-established American policy of Bimetalism, which used both silver and gold metals at a fixed 16:1 rate for pegging the value of the US Dollar. Until the Great Depression, it was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced.

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time, 1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington., Supporters of Ohio populist Jacob Coxey who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed; although this group had no effect whatsoever on policy, it did demonstrate the social and economic impact of the Panic of 1893.

Organizations formed by mine owners in response to the formation of labor unions; An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration; (Society/Reform) Founded by lawyer Henry Bowers, a bigot towards Catholics and foreigners trying to stop immigration entirely. It was full of "crude conspiracy theories and rabid xenophobia." It was set on by the rising nativism feel in the country. They are NOT to be confused with the Immigration Restriction League.

A major theological doctrine that consist the translation of a long-felt concern for the for the plight of the poor. One of its leader was Baptist cleric Walter Ruischenbusch, whose ideas had been forged by his ministry in the squalid Hell's Kitchen section of New York. He believed that the churches must not wall themselves off from the misery and despair and that the Kingdom of God on Earth would only be achieved by striving for the cause of social justice., • Church led ideology argued that Americans had lost touch with basic tnets of Christianity • Called labor reform • Business leaders urged to repent of greed and to assume responsibility of their follows • Gain a lot of lower and middle class converts • More protestants and less Catholics, A movement that believed that the church and society were obligated to help the less fortunate and wanted more government regulation, A clear expression of concern and outrage, combined with humanitarian sense of social responsibility, helped produce many reformers committed to the produce of social justice. By early 20th century, it had become a powerful movement within American Protestantism ex: salvation army

called for the increase of silver in money supply which decreased its worth. As the price of silver continued to decline, holders of the government notes understandably redeemed them for gold rather than silver. The result of the growing disparity between the two metals was the depletion of the U.S. gold reserves, 1890 act authorizing the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver for circulation. This law doubled the amount of silver purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878 and allowed debt relief for farmers. At the same time, the act was passed as a compromise to conservatives who received passage of the McKinley Tariff.

A major political issue during the late 19th century, this was a movement in support of the unlimited coinage of silver by the U.S. government to inflate the money supply. Opponents insisted on strict adherence to the more conservative gold stanard. The issue came to a head in the election of 1896 when Populists and Democrats united behind William Jennings Bryan who proclaimed to all opponents,"You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!" Although this issue helped Bryan garner over 6 million votes, he lost the election to William McKinley., A short term solution. Wanted to put silver into circulation instead of paper money. However, is was not free because it could cause inflation of prices of goods and deflation of the value of money. Decided not to put silver into circulation., farmers and westerners favored all silver mined in the west being coined into currency, which would increase the money supply, causing inflation

Republicans method of enacting a higher tariff and making gold the official standard of the U.S. currency, Passed under McKinley by republicans; increased tariff rates to counteract the tariff that the democrats passed that lowered tariffs; highest tariff of last half of the 19th century, Made gold the official standard of U.S. currency

the political and social force in the U.S. that opposed the increase of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Africa and Asia; a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones, the desire to limit immigration and preserve the United States for natural born white protestants

laws which promoted segregation, or the separation of people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life "separate but equal," but only served to exclude African Americans and others from exercising their rights as American citizens. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. It took many years and much effort, however, before Jim Crow laws would be overturned across the country., (AJohn) , Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights, Laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations

The separation of blacks and whites, mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc., the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion

U.S. Supreme Court Case that tested the contitutionality of segregation. Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and didn't violate the 14th amendment. Established "separate but equal" doctrine which allowed states to maintian segregated facilities, a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal, An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the White and colored races" was constitutional., (1896) Plessy was made to sit in the black train car because he was an octoroon (1/8 black). Railroad company was on his side because they paid too much to maintain seperate cars. Established "seperate but equal" clause

Another method to keep African Americans from voting. States who passed these laws said that you were automatically allowed to vote if your grandfather voted. This allowed poor uneducated whites the right to vote while stopping freed slaves from voting (because none of their grandfathers were allowed to vote). The Supreme Court declared grandfather clauses to be unconstitutional in 1914., rules that required potential voters to demonstrate that their grandfathers had been eligible to vote; used in some southern states after 1890 to limit the black electorate

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964., White southern states governments began to force people to pay a tax to have the right to vote. Most freed slaves were too poor to pay the tax and were prevented from voting (the 24th Amendment to the Constitution did abolish poll taxes though during the modern Civil Rights Movement, 1965).

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines., Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico., (WMc) , an 1898 conflict between the united states and spain, in which the united states supported cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba., Nickname of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War, They were a group of American volunteers that formed to fight the Spanish. They helped defeat the Spanish at San Juan Hill.

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900, Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie

A poem by Rudyard Kipling written in 1899. It is also the name given to the idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling's poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands., . 18880s-1900s -This idea originates with Charles Darwin and his book Origin of the Species, but -applies to the idea of " survival of the fittest." -According to this, the "better" races have a duty and a "burden" to sacrifice and strive in order to lift up the less fortunate people, races, nations, civilizations, etc. -Applied to American imperialism, it suggests that by fighting the Phillpino independence movement, the United States was actually "helping" them...exposing an inferior people to a more civilized and better culture through conquest... -Rhetorical Justification for foreign conquest- gives moral reasons for it that aren't actually the case.