Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life – Flashcards
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Select all of the following that are types of lipids:
A. Oils
B. Triglycerides
C. Phospholipids
D. Amino Acids
E. Steroids
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Oils,
Triglycerides,
Phospholipids,
and Steroids.
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Match the following atoms with their correct description.
Na+
Cl
He
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Na+ - Atom which has lost an electron.
Cl - Atom which has gained an electron.
He - Atom which is electrically neutral.
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Rank the following in order from smallest mass (at the top) to largest mass (at the bottom).
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1. Electron
2. Proton
3. Atom
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The outermost occupied electron energy shell of an atom is called the ________ shell.
A. Atomic
B. Inert
C. Valence
D. Periodic
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Valence.
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Match the nitrogenous bases to the correct nucleic acid(s) in which they are found.
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RNA Only- Uracil
DNA Only- Thymine
DNA & RNA- Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
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Match the isotopes of carbon with their correct number of neutrons.
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12 C - 6 neutrons
13 C - 7 neutrons
14 C - 8 neutrons
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H-H and O=O represent which of the following? Select all that apply.
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* A single covalent bond between hydrogens and a double covalent bond between oxygens.
* 1 pair of electrons shared between hydrogens and 2 pairs of electrons shared between oxygens.
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What level of protein structure is shown at the bottom of the picture and consists of the overall shape of one polypeptide chain?
A. Primary
B. Tertiary
C. Quaternary
D. Secondary
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Tertiary
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Select all of the following that are polymers, which are molecules composed of multiple monomers linked together.
A. Protein
B. Nucleic Acid
C. Complex Carbohydrate
D. Amino Acid
E. Glucose
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Protein,
Nucleic Acid,
and Complex Carbohydrate.
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A covalent bond is formed between two molecules when a hydroxyl group and hydrogen ion are removed during a reaction called _______ synthesis.
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Dehydration
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What is a single unit of an element?
A. Molecule
B. Atom
C. Orbital
D. Monomer
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Atom
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Match the chemical bond with its correct description.
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
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Hydrogen bond- bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge.
Ionic bond- bond between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bond- bond between atoms sharing pairs of electrons.
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Another name for an unstable isotope is a(n):
A. Radioactive
B. Anion
C. Elemental Isotope
D. Cation
E. Atomic Isotope
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Radioactive Isotope
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The first electron energy shell of an atom contains one electron orbital that can hold up to two electrons, and the second energy shell contains four electron orbitals that can hold up to ______ electrons total.
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Eight
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Match the organic molecules with the correct subunits.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides
Lipids- Glycerol, fatty acids, and carbon chains and rings
Proteins- Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides
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What does the number above each of the elements on the periodic table represent? Select all that are true.
A. Number of neutrons plus number of protons
B. Atomic weight
C. Number of protons
D. Atomic number
E. Atomic mass
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Number of protons
& Atomic number.
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The average mass of all isotopes of an element is called the element's:
A. Atomic number
B. Atomic mass
C. Elemental mass
D. Ionic mass
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Atomic mass
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Nucleotides are the monomers of polymers called ________ acids, including DNA and RNA.
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Nucleic
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The bonds between two nitrogen atoms are ________ bonds because there is equal sharing of electron pairs.
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Nonpolar covalent
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Why is water essential to life? Select all that apply.
A. It regulates temperature.
B.Its solid form is more dense than its liquid form.
C. It dissolves many substances.
D. It plays a role in many chemical reactions.
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It regulates temperature.
It dissolves many substances.
It plays a role in many chemical reactions.
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Select the four most abundant types of organic molecules that are found in organisms.
A. Minerals
B. Proteins
C. Nucleic Acids
D. Carbohydrates
E. Lipids
F. Oxygen
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Proteins,
Nucleic Acids,
Carbohydrates,
& Lipids.
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Identify whether each of the following fat molecules are solid or liquid at room temperature.
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Solid- Saturated fat and trans fat with straight fatty acid tails.
Liquid- Unsaturated fat
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What type of organic molecule has monomers of amino acids?
A. Nucleic acids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Proteins
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Proteins
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A special type of covalent bond called a(n) ________ bond is formed between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis, creating a dipeptide.
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Peptide
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What can denature a protein by breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins? Select all that apply.
A. Amino Acids
B. Heat
C. pH
D. Salt
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Heat,
pH,
and Salt.
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Which of the following substances regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?
A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. Hydrogen
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Water
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A polymer is separated into monomers when a hydroxyl group joins one molecule and a hydrogen ion joins the other in the process of ________ .
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Hydrolysis
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If two atoms have the same atomic number, they are of the same:
A. Orbital
B. Mass
C. Element
D. Nucleus
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Element
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Which of the following are polysaccharides?
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Starch and Glycogen
Chitin ans Cellulose
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Molecules consist of two or more chemically linked ________, which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements.
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Atoms
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Select all of the following that are hydrophilic.
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Salt,
Sugar,
and many Ions.
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Match the constituents with their correct description.
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Sodium (Na)- Donates an electron when an ionic bond is formed.
Chlorine (Cl)- Gains an electron when an ionic bond is formed.
Salt (NaCl)- Results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
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A protein's hydrogen bonds are broken and its structure unfolded when the protein:
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Is denatured.
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________ are atoms which have gained or lost electrons.
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Ions
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Deoxyribonucleic acid is also known as:
A. DOA
B. RNA
C. DNA
D. ATP
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DNA
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Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides:
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5-carbon sugar,
Nitrogenous base,
and Phosphate group.
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The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom is a ________ covalent bond because there is unequal sharing of the electron pair.
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Polar
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What is a pure substance that cannot be decided further and still retain its chemical properties?
A. Matter
B. Energy
C. Work
D. Element
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Element
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Select all of the following substances that are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.
A. Sugar
B. Ions
C. Fats
D. Olive Oil
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Fats and Olive oil
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A basic solution is also called a(n) ________ solution.
A. Neutral
B. Isotopic
C. Alkaline
D. Acidic
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Alkaline
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________ is the tendency of water molecules to stick together.
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Cohesion
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What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei?
A. Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Molecular
D. Hydrogen
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Covalent
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The smallest carbohydrates are called _______ and consist of a single monomer.
A. Oligosaccharides
B. Polysaccharides
C. Monosaccharides
D. Complex Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
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_______ _______ are the monomers of polypeptides and proteins and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group.
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Amino Acids
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The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the _______ a structure of protein.
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Primary
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Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain both _______ and hydrogen.
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Carbon
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Match each bond type with relative difference in electronegatively between the bonded.
Ionic Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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Ionic Bond- Large difference in electronegativity.
Polar Covalent Bond- Intermediate difference in electronegativity.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond- Small difference in electronegativity.
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Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis form a carbohydrate molecule called a :
A. Disaccharide
B. Polysaccharide
C. Saturated Fat
D. Peptide Bond
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Disaccharide
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A(n) _______ bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules, such as between a hydrogen atom on one molecule and an oxygen atom on another molecule.
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Hydrogen
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What type pf lipids has 4 interconnected carbon rings?
A. Steroids
B. Waxes
C. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
D. Saturated Fatty Acids
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Steroids
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Select all of the following that are problems, which are molecules composed of multiple monomers linked together.
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Complex Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Protein
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In the triglyceride shown, the long fatty acids (highlighted in yellow) are called _______ fatty acids, which means all the carbons in them are connected to each other by single bonds.
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Saturated
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Interactions between multiple polypeptides creates the _______ structure of proteins.
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Quaternary
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What is formed when atoms of two or more elements are linked together?
A. Anion
B. Cation
C. Isotope
D. Compound
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Compound
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Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consists of small subunits called _______ linked together to form long chains.
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Monomers
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________ are one of the four abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen often in a proportion of 1:2:1. These organic molecules include monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
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Carbohydrates
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A ______ is a substance dissolved in a solvent to make a solution.
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Solute
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Anything that takes up space is defined as:
Energy
Matter
Work
An element
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Matter
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Select all the examples of chemical elements.
Sodium
Water
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
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Sodium
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
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What is a pure substance that cannot be divided further and still retain its chemical properties?
Work
Matter
Energy
Element
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Element